![rctic methane (CH4) hydrate exists on land beneath permafrost](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/021127624_1-19361d9b7242c53cee19e6c401efc910-300x300.png)
rctic methane (CH4) hydrate exists on land beneath permafrost
... Methane hydrate – also called methane clathrate – would remain stable in the form of frozen methane without major changes in climate that involves a temperature increase. However, with the major projected warming trend that is underway in the Arctic regions and particularly evident in sea-ice meltin ...
... Methane hydrate – also called methane clathrate – would remain stable in the form of frozen methane without major changes in climate that involves a temperature increase. However, with the major projected warming trend that is underway in the Arctic regions and particularly evident in sea-ice meltin ...
Co Chairs Summary
... level, have low levels of capitalisation, and make an important contribution to food security and livelihoods. Being dependent on coastal ecosystems, such as coral reefs and mangroves, these small-scale fisheries will be challenged by the fact that these ecosystems are under serious pressure from hu ...
... level, have low levels of capitalisation, and make an important contribution to food security and livelihoods. Being dependent on coastal ecosystems, such as coral reefs and mangroves, these small-scale fisheries will be challenged by the fact that these ecosystems are under serious pressure from hu ...
Lab/Fieldwork Activity Example
... phytoplankton populations in marine ecosytems. Nitrogen and phosphorus undergo seasonal cycles usually accumulating and peaking in the winter, subsiding rapidly in the spring, remaining low in the summer, and rising again in the late fall. As phytoplankton populations increase in the spring, they as ...
... phytoplankton populations in marine ecosytems. Nitrogen and phosphorus undergo seasonal cycles usually accumulating and peaking in the winter, subsiding rapidly in the spring, remaining low in the summer, and rising again in the late fall. As phytoplankton populations increase in the spring, they as ...
Keeping up with An ocean explorer
... carefully to illustrate a very specific point And like Spongebob, she said, you’ll have she wanted to make about being a woman to believe in yourself and be ready to prove in science. In the cartoon, Spongebob tries yourself to those who would raise the bar so to get a job at a diner but the diner’s ...
... carefully to illustrate a very specific point And like Spongebob, she said, you’ll have she wanted to make about being a woman to believe in yourself and be ready to prove in science. In the cartoon, Spongebob tries yourself to those who would raise the bar so to get a job at a diner but the diner’s ...
File - chemistryattweed
... and are floating around in the neutralisation mixture after mixing. If the salt solution formed is evaporated, the salt ions will come together to form solid salt, but this is not a chemical reaction. A term that is sometimes used instead of basic solution is alkaline solution. A basic solution and ...
... and are floating around in the neutralisation mixture after mixing. If the salt solution formed is evaporated, the salt ions will come together to form solid salt, but this is not a chemical reaction. A term that is sometimes used instead of basic solution is alkaline solution. A basic solution and ...
Going Their Separate Ways
... were published in a paper titled "History of Ocean Basins," which was one of the most important contributions in the development of plate tectonics. In this classic paper, Hess outlined the basics of how seafloor spreading works: molten rock (magma) oozes up from the Earth's interior along the mid-o ...
... were published in a paper titled "History of Ocean Basins," which was one of the most important contributions in the development of plate tectonics. In this classic paper, Hess outlined the basics of how seafloor spreading works: molten rock (magma) oozes up from the Earth's interior along the mid-o ...
chlorophyll concentration estimated from irradiance measurements
... where α ij ( z ) and β ij ( z ) are empirical parameters that are functions of depth and the wavelengths chosen, and rij ( z ) = E d (λ i , z ) E d ( λ j , z ) . To apply this relationship to measurements made at fluctuating depths, it would be necessary to determine the depthdependence of α ij ( z ...
... where α ij ( z ) and β ij ( z ) are empirical parameters that are functions of depth and the wavelengths chosen, and rij ( z ) = E d (λ i , z ) E d ( λ j , z ) . To apply this relationship to measurements made at fluctuating depths, it would be necessary to determine the depthdependence of α ij ( z ...
Overview Earth`s Oceans Ocean Size and Depth Earth`s Oceans
... • Flows with high viscosity – Important for movement of lithospheric plates ...
... • Flows with high viscosity – Important for movement of lithospheric plates ...
Multi-decadal variations in Southern Hemisphere atmospheric 14C
... al., 2013]. This slightly lower CO2 appears associated with maximum cooling within a multicentennial Northern Hemisphere-wide climatic downturn commonly described as the „Little Ice Age‟ (LIA; CE 1250-1850) [Mann et al., 2009; PAGES 2k Consortium, 2013]. The decrease and subsequent increase in atmos ...
... al., 2013]. This slightly lower CO2 appears associated with maximum cooling within a multicentennial Northern Hemisphere-wide climatic downturn commonly described as the „Little Ice Age‟ (LIA; CE 1250-1850) [Mann et al., 2009; PAGES 2k Consortium, 2013]. The decrease and subsequent increase in atmos ...
Single-celled Organisms: An Introduction
... nitrogen-fixing organisms can convert nitrogen gas to forms that can be taken up by plants and converted to food that animals can eat. So, nitrogen-fixing organisms ultimately provide the nitrogen required by all other organisms in the food chain. Since nitrogen-fixers provide an essential nutrient ...
... nitrogen-fixing organisms can convert nitrogen gas to forms that can be taken up by plants and converted to food that animals can eat. So, nitrogen-fixing organisms ultimately provide the nitrogen required by all other organisms in the food chain. Since nitrogen-fixers provide an essential nutrient ...
The Lunenburg Bay Project
... was deployed in Lunenburg Bay, a typical coastal inlet. Three radio-telemetering moorings and a shore-based meteorological station provided real-time observations of atmospheric forcing and variability in the physical and optical properties of the Bay. The moorings included meteorological instrument ...
... was deployed in Lunenburg Bay, a typical coastal inlet. Three radio-telemetering moorings and a shore-based meteorological station provided real-time observations of atmospheric forcing and variability in the physical and optical properties of the Bay. The moorings included meteorological instrument ...
Creation and evolution of the oceanic lithosphere: contributions from
... What are the fluxes of heat and mass between the lithosphere and the ocean? The patterns of heat flow from the earth’s mantle through the ocean crust are fundamentally affected by two phenomena. One is the localization of magmatic processes primarily along constructional plate boundaries, resulting ...
... What are the fluxes of heat and mass between the lithosphere and the ocean? The patterns of heat flow from the earth’s mantle through the ocean crust are fundamentally affected by two phenomena. One is the localization of magmatic processes primarily along constructional plate boundaries, resulting ...
The effects of buffer and temperature feedback on the
... 1992] was used as the model input. For the other emission scenarios, similar results were obtained but the result from IS92e is a bound of all possibilities as it is a scenario with the greatest changes. The simulations of atmospheric CO2 concentration from 1860 to 1998 are shown in Figure 2a with a ...
... 1992] was used as the model input. For the other emission scenarios, similar results were obtained but the result from IS92e is a bound of all possibilities as it is a scenario with the greatest changes. The simulations of atmospheric CO2 concentration from 1860 to 1998 are shown in Figure 2a with a ...
2006 - Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science
... hydrocarbon and halocarbon dispersal and decomposition. The NOAA-funded Texas Air Quality Study took Atlas to Houston in 2006, where he and colleagues collected approximately 1,100 samples to assess air pollution levels. By looking at Houston’s changing air composition, he assessed how chemicals deg ...
... hydrocarbon and halocarbon dispersal and decomposition. The NOAA-funded Texas Air Quality Study took Atlas to Houston in 2006, where he and colleagues collected approximately 1,100 samples to assess air pollution levels. By looking at Houston’s changing air composition, he assessed how chemicals deg ...
The Marine Environment
... Seawalls Structures called seawalls, shown in Figure 16.12, are built parallel to shore, often to protect beachfront properties from powerful storm waves. Seawalls reflect the energy of such waves back toward the beach, where they worsen beach erosion. Eventually, seawalls are undercut and have to b ...
... Seawalls Structures called seawalls, shown in Figure 16.12, are built parallel to shore, often to protect beachfront properties from powerful storm waves. Seawalls reflect the energy of such waves back toward the beach, where they worsen beach erosion. Eventually, seawalls are undercut and have to b ...
Geological slant on plates
... subduction zone. The path of the subducting plate is indicated by a zone of dipping earthquakes called a Benioff zone. Above the subducting plate a volcanic arc or chain forms caused by melting. As the plate subducts temperature and pressure changes cause it to change to a rock type called eclogite ...
... subduction zone. The path of the subducting plate is indicated by a zone of dipping earthquakes called a Benioff zone. Above the subducting plate a volcanic arc or chain forms caused by melting. As the plate subducts temperature and pressure changes cause it to change to a rock type called eclogite ...
Making Marine Zoning Climate-Change Adaptable Robin Kundis Craig
... economies;” and “improve our understanding and awareness of changing environmental conditions, trends, and their causes, and of human activities taking place in ocean, coastal, and Great Lakes waters[.]” 13 The Ocean Stewardship Executive Order thus incorporates both climate change and improved resi ...
... economies;” and “improve our understanding and awareness of changing environmental conditions, trends, and their causes, and of human activities taking place in ocean, coastal, and Great Lakes waters[.]” 13 The Ocean Stewardship Executive Order thus incorporates both climate change and improved resi ...
CBRAT Glossary of Terms
... formed by epibenthic organisms or their structures, such as formed by mussel beds, living corals, and coral rubble. Organisms that breakdown and digest dead organisms. Bacteria and fungi are major decomposer groups. > 30 – 200m ≥ 5 cm deep > 30 – 200m Corals found in deep, cold waters; many are soli ...
... formed by epibenthic organisms or their structures, such as formed by mussel beds, living corals, and coral rubble. Organisms that breakdown and digest dead organisms. Bacteria and fungi are major decomposer groups. > 30 – 200m ≥ 5 cm deep > 30 – 200m Corals found in deep, cold waters; many are soli ...
Course description, lessons and learning goals
... MARINE SCIENCE SUMMER SEMINAR Science elective (does not meet science requirement for Brebeuf or state of Indiana) 1 credit course An off-campus, 2 week intensive course (offered on even-numbered years) Prerequisite: Grade 9 Biology This course is an introduction to the biology of the marine environ ...
... MARINE SCIENCE SUMMER SEMINAR Science elective (does not meet science requirement for Brebeuf or state of Indiana) 1 credit course An off-campus, 2 week intensive course (offered on even-numbered years) Prerequisite: Grade 9 Biology This course is an introduction to the biology of the marine environ ...
File - Mr. Snelgrove
... being moved by convection currents. The edges of these plates are called boundaries. • Plates are composed of oceanic crust only or oceanic and continental crust. • Oceanic crust is mostly basaltic in composition. Made from basalt (lava) and gabbro (magma). • Continental crust is largely granitic in ...
... being moved by convection currents. The edges of these plates are called boundaries. • Plates are composed of oceanic crust only or oceanic and continental crust. • Oceanic crust is mostly basaltic in composition. Made from basalt (lava) and gabbro (magma). • Continental crust is largely granitic in ...
Lesson 9: Karst, Coastal and Glacial features AM Celâl
... Tectonic oceans and tectonic continents.Age of ocean floor applies only to the oceanic lithosphere and therefore defines the limits of the tectonic ocean. ...
... Tectonic oceans and tectonic continents.Age of ocean floor applies only to the oceanic lithosphere and therefore defines the limits of the tectonic ocean. ...
The Vulnerability of the Carbon Cycle in the 21st Century
... Two such coupled models that simulate the anthropogenic perturbation during the 21st century based on emission scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (Cox et al. 2000; Dufresne et al. 2002) show dramatically different magnitudes of climate-carbon cycle interactions (Figure ...
... Two such coupled models that simulate the anthropogenic perturbation during the 21st century based on emission scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (Cox et al. 2000; Dufresne et al. 2002) show dramatically different magnitudes of climate-carbon cycle interactions (Figure ...
Abrupt Climate Change and Multistability of the Thermohaline
... is by Bryan [11], who observes the emergence of asymmetric circulation in a system with equatorially symmetric boundary conditions and geometry. Bryan’s simulation is an example of a general circulation model (GCM), a broad class of commonly-used simulations which directly simulate the fundamental e ...
... is by Bryan [11], who observes the emergence of asymmetric circulation in a system with equatorially symmetric boundary conditions and geometry. Bryan’s simulation is an example of a general circulation model (GCM), a broad class of commonly-used simulations which directly simulate the fundamental e ...
Midterm review
... historians think the coincidence occurred because Darwin held his ideas until he was afraid of being “scooped.” Answer A assumes that only Darwin could have come up with the idea. Answer C probably gives Darwin too much credit for being ahead of his time. Answer D assumes that theories have differen ...
... historians think the coincidence occurred because Darwin held his ideas until he was afraid of being “scooped.” Answer A assumes that only Darwin could have come up with the idea. Answer C probably gives Darwin too much credit for being ahead of his time. Answer D assumes that theories have differen ...
The Nature of Tectonic Plates
... In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue. If Columbus were to sail the ocean blue to the New World today like he did in 1492, his sailors would more likely mutiny because the trip would be longer today by about 10 meters. Running down the center of the Atlantic Ocean is a long, volcanic, undersea mou ...
... In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue. If Columbus were to sail the ocean blue to the New World today like he did in 1492, his sailors would more likely mutiny because the trip would be longer today by about 10 meters. Running down the center of the Atlantic Ocean is a long, volcanic, undersea mou ...
Ocean acidification
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/WOA05_GLODAP_del_pH_AYool.png?width=300)
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. An estimated 30–40% of the carbon dioxide from human activity released into the atmosphere dissolves into oceans, rivers and lakes. To achieve chemical equilibrium, some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid. Some of these extra carbonic acid molecules react with a water molecule to give a bicarbonate ion and a hydronium ion, thus increasing ocean acidity (H+ ion concentration). Between 1751 and 1994 surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans. Since current and projected ocean pH levels are above 7.0, the oceans are technically alkaline now and will remain so; referring to this effect as ""decreasing ocean alkalinity"" would be equally correct if less politically useful. Earth System Models project that within the last decade ocean acidity exceeded historical analogs and in combination with other ocean biogeochemical changes could undermine the functioning of marine ecosystems and disrupt the provision of many goods and services associated with the ocean.Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of possibly harmful consequences, such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms, and causing coral bleaching. This also causes decreasing oxygen levels as it kills off algae.Other chemical reactions are triggered which result in a net decrease in the amount of carbonate ions available. This makes it more difficult for marine calcifying organisms, such as coral and some plankton, to form biogenic calcium carbonate, and such structures become vulnerable to dissolution. Ongoing acidification of the oceans threatens food chains connected with the oceans. As members of the InterAcademy Panel, 105 science academies have issued a statement on ocean acidification recommending that by 2050, global CO2 emissions be reduced by at least 50% compared to the 1990 level.Ocean acidification has been called the ""evil twin of global warming"" and ""the other CO2 problem"".Ocean acidification has occurred previously in Earth's history. The most notable example is the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), which occurred approximately 56 million years ago. For reasons that are currently uncertain, massive amounts of carbon entered the ocean and atmosphere, and led to the dissolution of carbonate sediments in all ocean basins.