Self-consistent equilibrium ocean tides
... observed long-period tides are in fact of this form. The largest long-period tides have periods of about a fortnight, a month, six months and a year. The last two are unobservable in sealevel records because of the presence of much larger movements caused by weather, so that our comparison can be ca ...
... observed long-period tides are in fact of this form. The largest long-period tides have periods of about a fortnight, a month, six months and a year. The last two are unobservable in sealevel records because of the presence of much larger movements caused by weather, so that our comparison can be ca ...
When the Earth Moves: Sea Floor Spreading and Plate Tectonics
... and 28,000 buildings were destroyed. Financial losses were estimated at $500 million, almost $9 billion today. The earthquake that struck San Francisco that morning would go down in history not only for its destructiveness but also for what seemed at the time to be its inexplicable characteristics. ...
... and 28,000 buildings were destroyed. Financial losses were estimated at $500 million, almost $9 billion today. The earthquake that struck San Francisco that morning would go down in history not only for its destructiveness but also for what seemed at the time to be its inexplicable characteristics. ...
info sheet - Mundus maris
... Another aspect of climate change is ocean acidification. As the Southern Ocean alone has taken up some 40% of human CO2 emissions, we are starting to see acidification of the seas. The increase of acidity requires all marine animals with calcareous skeletons to spend more energy holding their bodies ...
... Another aspect of climate change is ocean acidification. As the Southern Ocean alone has taken up some 40% of human CO2 emissions, we are starting to see acidification of the seas. The increase of acidity requires all marine animals with calcareous skeletons to spend more energy holding their bodies ...
iprc climate vol5 no1
... he classical view of the ocean circulation at midlatitudes, away from the sea surface and coastlines, is one of broad, graceful gyre-like flows. Although this view has been modified to include eddying motions that vary with time, it is still one of a broad, time-averaged circulation. Results from ocea ...
... he classical view of the ocean circulation at midlatitudes, away from the sea surface and coastlines, is one of broad, graceful gyre-like flows. Although this view has been modified to include eddying motions that vary with time, it is still one of a broad, time-averaged circulation. Results from ocea ...
Chlorophyll a reconstruction from in situ measurements: 2. Marked
... North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre (NAST) from 1871 to 2008 (Figure 1). This method uses in situ measurements of temperature and nitrate, and their correlation is adapted to a modeled temperature field resulting in a nitrate field. In a next step, in situ chlorophyll a measurements are fitted to both, in ...
... North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre (NAST) from 1871 to 2008 (Figure 1). This method uses in situ measurements of temperature and nitrate, and their correlation is adapted to a modeled temperature field resulting in a nitrate field. In a next step, in situ chlorophyll a measurements are fitted to both, in ...
A brief history of oceanographic studies in the Indian Ocean 47
... 28-3C August 1957, it was decided to plan an international expedition to the Indian Ocean. Roger Revelle, who presided over the meeting, appointed a Working Group under the Chairmanship of Columbus Iselin to prepare a plan for such an expedition. The members of the working group included representat ...
... 28-3C August 1957, it was decided to plan an international expedition to the Indian Ocean. Roger Revelle, who presided over the meeting, appointed a Working Group under the Chairmanship of Columbus Iselin to prepare a plan for such an expedition. The members of the working group included representat ...
Ocean acidification in the Arabian Sea and the Red - BORA
... In the past 250 years, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ) levels have increased by nearly 30% (Vitousek et al., 2008). Before the industrial revolution the level of CO2 was approximately 280 ppmv (parts per million by volume), but at present the CO2 level is nearly 387 ppmv, (Feely et al., 2009). Thi ...
... In the past 250 years, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ) levels have increased by nearly 30% (Vitousek et al., 2008). Before the industrial revolution the level of CO2 was approximately 280 ppmv (parts per million by volume), but at present the CO2 level is nearly 387 ppmv, (Feely et al., 2009). Thi ...
Hydrosphere and cryosphere
... 2 m over the surface). The main cause of motion in both, the atmosphere and the ocean is the non-uniform solar heating: a collimated energy beam, pointing to different places as the Earth rotates around its axis daily, and revolves around the Sun yearly. The ocean is the set of interconnecting water ...
... 2 m over the surface). The main cause of motion in both, the atmosphere and the ocean is the non-uniform solar heating: a collimated energy beam, pointing to different places as the Earth rotates around its axis daily, and revolves around the Sun yearly. The ocean is the set of interconnecting water ...
chapter 8 ocean in the earth system
... unsaturated, gas dissolves in water at a greater rate than it is expelled into the atmosphere. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are heavily involved in biological processes (i.e., photosynthesis and cellular respiration), so their concentrations vary markedly with depth and from one part of the ocean to an ...
... unsaturated, gas dissolves in water at a greater rate than it is expelled into the atmosphere. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are heavily involved in biological processes (i.e., photosynthesis and cellular respiration), so their concentrations vary markedly with depth and from one part of the ocean to an ...
The future of the oceans past - Philosophical Transactions of the
... ocean environments and ecosystems. Some of these changes are potentially reversible on very short time scales, but warming and ocean acidification will intensify before they decline even with immediate reduction in emissions. There is an urgent need for immediate and decisive conservation action. Ot ...
... ocean environments and ecosystems. Some of these changes are potentially reversible on very short time scales, but warming and ocean acidification will intensify before they decline even with immediate reduction in emissions. There is an urgent need for immediate and decisive conservation action. Ot ...
Medicines from the Deep - Marine Conservation Biology Institute
... The incredible diversity of deep ocean life is linked to the fact that marine organisms have been evolving for much longer than their counterparts on land, and as a result have developed a greater breadth of adaptations. Some researchers argue that the continental slope, the steep transitional area ...
... The incredible diversity of deep ocean life is linked to the fact that marine organisms have been evolving for much longer than their counterparts on land, and as a result have developed a greater breadth of adaptations. Some researchers argue that the continental slope, the steep transitional area ...
Report of the IOC Executive Secretary, Rule of Procedure No. 49
... the complex coastal-coupled processes into quantitative advice for decision-making. The purpose of this new study of COASTS is to undertake the global synthesis of the interdisciplinary coastal ocean science from a point of view of modelling coupled processes (physical-biological-chemical-sedimentol ...
... the complex coastal-coupled processes into quantitative advice for decision-making. The purpose of this new study of COASTS is to undertake the global synthesis of the interdisciplinary coastal ocean science from a point of view of modelling coupled processes (physical-biological-chemical-sedimentol ...
one ocean final.indd
... This component also allows students to collaborate with friends to uncover the ocean’s mysteries. • Time Machine offers a rich rendering of prehistoric life associated with the oceans and the history of underwater exploration and discovery. • These website features are integrated into many of the ac ...
... This component also allows students to collaborate with friends to uncover the ocean’s mysteries. • Time Machine offers a rich rendering of prehistoric life associated with the oceans and the history of underwater exploration and discovery. • These website features are integrated into many of the ac ...
Sample pages 2 PDF
... in the primitive sea. The approximate probable concentrations of all of the major ions in the primitive sea under either anaerobic or aerobic conditions is shown in Table 2.2. However, the composition of both the early sea and atmosphere might have changed since the different compounds were not in t ...
... in the primitive sea. The approximate probable concentrations of all of the major ions in the primitive sea under either anaerobic or aerobic conditions is shown in Table 2.2. However, the composition of both the early sea and atmosphere might have changed since the different compounds were not in t ...
BC Coastal Marine Science 2015 Workshop
... oceanography research along the entire Pacific margin. The first day included a few plenary presentations that established the background canvas that is the North East Pacific, followed by an opportunity for each organization to present an overview of their active science programs and plans moving f ...
... oceanography research along the entire Pacific margin. The first day included a few plenary presentations that established the background canvas that is the North East Pacific, followed by an opportunity for each organization to present an overview of their active science programs and plans moving f ...
REDOX ZONATION IN THE PHANEROZOIC ANOXIC OCEAN Part I
... ventilated in the Post-Devonian [Berry and Wilde, 1978]. Such reduced zones, how-ever, might exist (I) as residuals prior to and during the ventilation of the atmosphere and ocean or (II) if there has been a vast reduction in the amount of dissolved sulfate in the oceans, for example due to evaporat ...
... ventilated in the Post-Devonian [Berry and Wilde, 1978]. Such reduced zones, how-ever, might exist (I) as residuals prior to and during the ventilation of the atmosphere and ocean or (II) if there has been a vast reduction in the amount of dissolved sulfate in the oceans, for example due to evaporat ...
Anticipated Effects of Climate Change on Coastal
... drivers of upwelling winds and appear to be largely responsible for their variability [10]. In addition to these dynamical changes in the Hadley Cells, local thermodynamic arguments suggest that regional upwelling winds in the EBUS may increase due to increased land-sea temperature contrast as sugge ...
... drivers of upwelling winds and appear to be largely responsible for their variability [10]. In addition to these dynamical changes in the Hadley Cells, local thermodynamic arguments suggest that regional upwelling winds in the EBUS may increase due to increased land-sea temperature contrast as sugge ...
convergent boundary
... proposed the hypothesis of sea-floor spreading, in which basaltic magma from the mantle rises to create new ocean floor at mid-ocean ridges. On each side of the ridge, sea floor moves from the ridge towards the deep-sea trenches, where it is subducted and recycled back into the mantle ...
... proposed the hypothesis of sea-floor spreading, in which basaltic magma from the mantle rises to create new ocean floor at mid-ocean ridges. On each side of the ridge, sea floor moves from the ridge towards the deep-sea trenches, where it is subducted and recycled back into the mantle ...
Anthropogenic marine radioactivity
... and monitored by the appropriate national authorities, taking into account both national and international standards in respect to radiological safety. The two classes include coastally located nuclear power plants and nuclear fuel reprocessing plants. The former involve nuclear reactors operated to ...
... and monitored by the appropriate national authorities, taking into account both national and international standards in respect to radiological safety. The two classes include coastally located nuclear power plants and nuclear fuel reprocessing plants. The former involve nuclear reactors operated to ...
Climate variability and ocean production in the Leeuwin Current
... Figure 9a. (top panel) Temperature, (middle panel) salinity and (lower panel) fluorescence readings collected with CTD (conductivitytemperature-depth) sensors along the 500 isobath during October–November 2000 and 2003. The unit for temperature is °C and the darker shadings denote higher fluorescenc ...
... Figure 9a. (top panel) Temperature, (middle panel) salinity and (lower panel) fluorescence readings collected with CTD (conductivitytemperature-depth) sensors along the 500 isobath during October–November 2000 and 2003. The unit for temperature is °C and the darker shadings denote higher fluorescenc ...
Q1. The Earth is made up of several layers. (a) Draw one straight
... Many human activities result in carbon dioxide emissions. Our carbon footprint is a measure of how much carbon dioxide we each cause to be produced. (a) ...
... Many human activities result in carbon dioxide emissions. Our carbon footprint is a measure of how much carbon dioxide we each cause to be produced. (a) ...
iMarNet: an ocean biogeochemistry model intercomparison project
... focused on the ability of the model to reproduce globalscale bulk properties – such as nutrient and carbon distributions – that broadly characterise the activity of marine biota (and thus the carbon cycle) in the ocean. To limit the role of errors originating from modelled physics, all of the examin ...
... focused on the ability of the model to reproduce globalscale bulk properties – such as nutrient and carbon distributions – that broadly characterise the activity of marine biota (and thus the carbon cycle) in the ocean. To limit the role of errors originating from modelled physics, all of the examin ...
platetectonics
... mountain on Earth at 8,848 metres (29,029 ft), was set in the deepest part of the Mariana Trench, there would be 2,062 metres (6,765 ft) of water left above it. ...
... mountain on Earth at 8,848 metres (29,029 ft), was set in the deepest part of the Mariana Trench, there would be 2,062 metres (6,765 ft) of water left above it. ...
plate boundary - Cloudfront.net
... When two continental plates collide, one does not sink under the other and subduction does not occur. This type of collision forms mountains. ...
... When two continental plates collide, one does not sink under the other and subduction does not occur. This type of collision forms mountains. ...
Ocean acidification
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. An estimated 30–40% of the carbon dioxide from human activity released into the atmosphere dissolves into oceans, rivers and lakes. To achieve chemical equilibrium, some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid. Some of these extra carbonic acid molecules react with a water molecule to give a bicarbonate ion and a hydronium ion, thus increasing ocean acidity (H+ ion concentration). Between 1751 and 1994 surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans. Since current and projected ocean pH levels are above 7.0, the oceans are technically alkaline now and will remain so; referring to this effect as ""decreasing ocean alkalinity"" would be equally correct if less politically useful. Earth System Models project that within the last decade ocean acidity exceeded historical analogs and in combination with other ocean biogeochemical changes could undermine the functioning of marine ecosystems and disrupt the provision of many goods and services associated with the ocean.Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of possibly harmful consequences, such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms, and causing coral bleaching. This also causes decreasing oxygen levels as it kills off algae.Other chemical reactions are triggered which result in a net decrease in the amount of carbonate ions available. This makes it more difficult for marine calcifying organisms, such as coral and some plankton, to form biogenic calcium carbonate, and such structures become vulnerable to dissolution. Ongoing acidification of the oceans threatens food chains connected with the oceans. As members of the InterAcademy Panel, 105 science academies have issued a statement on ocean acidification recommending that by 2050, global CO2 emissions be reduced by at least 50% compared to the 1990 level.Ocean acidification has been called the ""evil twin of global warming"" and ""the other CO2 problem"".Ocean acidification has occurred previously in Earth's history. The most notable example is the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), which occurred approximately 56 million years ago. For reasons that are currently uncertain, massive amounts of carbon entered the ocean and atmosphere, and led to the dissolution of carbonate sediments in all ocean basins.