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... influence, 15º20’ - 18º30N, East Pacific Rise: Influence of axial faulting. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems. Volume 2. September 2004. AGU and the Geochemical Society. ...
... influence, 15º20’ - 18º30N, East Pacific Rise: Influence of axial faulting. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems. Volume 2. September 2004. AGU and the Geochemical Society. ...
marine, Freshwater, and Terrestrial Ecosystems on
... Climate variability and change threaten marine, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystems through rising air and sea-surface temperature, sea-level rise (SLR), seasonal changes in precipitation, changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events (hurricanes and typhoons, heavy rain events ...
... Climate variability and change threaten marine, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystems through rising air and sea-surface temperature, sea-level rise (SLR), seasonal changes in precipitation, changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events (hurricanes and typhoons, heavy rain events ...
Forum Future Ocean Floor Mapping - Ismar-Cnr
... beneath the virtually unknown realms of Polar ice shelves and pack ice covered oceans. These environments are less known today than the deep ocean was for Prince Albert I and Professor Julien Thoulet more than 100 years ago. The journey towards GEBCO realizing our ambition of a global high-resolutio ...
... beneath the virtually unknown realms of Polar ice shelves and pack ice covered oceans. These environments are less known today than the deep ocean was for Prince Albert I and Professor Julien Thoulet more than 100 years ago. The journey towards GEBCO realizing our ambition of a global high-resolutio ...
oceans, seafloor, and continental margins
... These particles consist primarily of either the microscopic, calcareous or siliceous shells of phytoplankton or zooplankton; clay‐size siliciclastic sediment; or some mixture of these with trace amounts of meteoric dust and minor amounts of volcanic ash. ...
... These particles consist primarily of either the microscopic, calcareous or siliceous shells of phytoplankton or zooplankton; clay‐size siliciclastic sediment; or some mixture of these with trace amounts of meteoric dust and minor amounts of volcanic ash. ...
ocean fertilisation: SCIENCE aNd POLICY ISSuES
... growth could result in larger quantities of carbon dioxide being absorbed in the oceans. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is moved from the atmosphere into the deep ocean by two processes, often referred to as the physical and biological ‘pumps’ (Figure 1). Through the biological pump, CO2 is absorbed by growin ...
... growth could result in larger quantities of carbon dioxide being absorbed in the oceans. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is moved from the atmosphere into the deep ocean by two processes, often referred to as the physical and biological ‘pumps’ (Figure 1). Through the biological pump, CO2 is absorbed by growin ...
Input from IOC - Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research
... compromises that were agreed upon during the 2009 Copenhagen COP-15 (Conference of the Parties-15) meeting concerning control and target emissions of greenhouse gases, there are concerns that suggested mitigation actions may not be sufficient or may not be implemented in time to avoid adverse impact ...
... compromises that were agreed upon during the 2009 Copenhagen COP-15 (Conference of the Parties-15) meeting concerning control and target emissions of greenhouse gases, there are concerns that suggested mitigation actions may not be sufficient or may not be implemented in time to avoid adverse impact ...
Coral Reefs and Changing Seawater Carbonate Chemistry
... Oceanic uptake of atmospheric CO2 is restricted to the ocean-atmosphere interface; about 50% of the anthropogenic CO2 in the oceans is still confined to waters shallower than 400 m and generally to waters above the thermocline [Sabine et al., 2004]. Transport of CO2 to the deep ocean increases the c ...
... Oceanic uptake of atmospheric CO2 is restricted to the ocean-atmosphere interface; about 50% of the anthropogenic CO2 in the oceans is still confined to waters shallower than 400 m and generally to waters above the thermocline [Sabine et al., 2004]. Transport of CO2 to the deep ocean increases the c ...
File
... blocks of the Earth's surface which appear to move as a unit. These plates may include both oceans and continents. When the plates move, the continents and ocean floor above them move as well. Continental Drift occurs when the continents change position in relation to each other. While plate tectoni ...
... blocks of the Earth's surface which appear to move as a unit. These plates may include both oceans and continents. When the plates move, the continents and ocean floor above them move as well. Continental Drift occurs when the continents change position in relation to each other. While plate tectoni ...
- NERC Open Research Archive
... photosynthetic organisms in the surface waters (Steinacher et al., 2010). Warmer waters will ...
... photosynthetic organisms in the surface waters (Steinacher et al., 2010). Warmer waters will ...
Marine Net Primary Production
... Net Primary Production (NPP) Net primary production (NPP) is the formation of organic material from inorganic compounds minus the respiratory losses of the photosynthetic organisms. Global marine annual NPP provides an estimate of the organic material available to fuel the ocean’s food webs for the ...
... Net Primary Production (NPP) Net primary production (NPP) is the formation of organic material from inorganic compounds minus the respiratory losses of the photosynthetic organisms. Global marine annual NPP provides an estimate of the organic material available to fuel the ocean’s food webs for the ...
Acid and Bases: Alkalinity and pH in Natural Waters.
... The proton, Acid & Bases that are either strong or weak At the beginning of the past century (ca. 1920), chemists established the conceptual framework for dealing with acid-base reactions. They realized the important role of the proton, H+, and the fact that this proton was actually hydrated when i ...
... The proton, Acid & Bases that are either strong or weak At the beginning of the past century (ca. 1920), chemists established the conceptual framework for dealing with acid-base reactions. They realized the important role of the proton, H+, and the fact that this proton was actually hydrated when i ...
Global linkages and influences - Gateway Antarctica
... Ocean36 at ~700 to 1000m depths (0.17oC between the 1950s and the 1980s) and that these are concentrated in the ACC. Clarke et al (2006) and Hattermann and Levermann (2009) state there has been a weakening of the ACC with climate change. Fyfe and Saenko (2005) state there has been a consequential so ...
... Ocean36 at ~700 to 1000m depths (0.17oC between the 1950s and the 1980s) and that these are concentrated in the ACC. Clarke et al (2006) and Hattermann and Levermann (2009) state there has been a weakening of the ACC with climate change. Fyfe and Saenko (2005) state there has been a consequential so ...
Living Blue Planet Report
... between 1970 and 2010. In other words, population sizes of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish fell by half on average in just 40 years. Humanity continues to make unsustainable demands on nature, threatening our long-term well-being and prosperity. As ecosystems decline, meeting the basic ...
... between 1970 and 2010. In other words, population sizes of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish fell by half on average in just 40 years. Humanity continues to make unsustainable demands on nature, threatening our long-term well-being and prosperity. As ecosystems decline, meeting the basic ...
Living Blue Planet Report - Sustain our seas
... between 1970 and 2010. In other words, population sizes of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish fell by half on average in just 40 years. Humanity continues to make unsustainable demands on nature, threatening our long-term well-being and prosperity. As ecosystems decline, meeting the basic ...
... between 1970 and 2010. In other words, population sizes of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish fell by half on average in just 40 years. Humanity continues to make unsustainable demands on nature, threatening our long-term well-being and prosperity. As ecosystems decline, meeting the basic ...
Chapter 33 Introduction
... fulfilling a core task of this Assessment – setting baselines against which to measure future changes. (b) Nevertheless, with the current levels of sampling, much can be concluded about how the ocean has changed in the past decades and centuries and trends that may continue into the future. These pa ...
... fulfilling a core task of this Assessment – setting baselines against which to measure future changes. (b) Nevertheless, with the current levels of sampling, much can be concluded about how the ocean has changed in the past decades and centuries and trends that may continue into the future. These pa ...
GLIDERS FOR RESEARCH, OCEAN OBSERVATION AND
... for the project is to coordinate the partners’ scientific and technological activities, so that they are in line with the other WPs and all the specific objectives. GROOM coordinators are hopeful that conforming to this WP will enable better communication, timing and evaluation of scientific work th ...
... for the project is to coordinate the partners’ scientific and technological activities, so that they are in line with the other WPs and all the specific objectives. GROOM coordinators are hopeful that conforming to this WP will enable better communication, timing and evaluation of scientific work th ...
11. Prodi Oseanografi (S-1)
... zones, shelf continent, open sea, island regimes and marine territorial, marine protection and conservation, problem solving of international sea dispute. OS1110 Oceanography (2) Syllabus This course provides an overview about the important of oceanography dealing with marine resource exploitation. ...
... zones, shelf continent, open sea, island regimes and marine territorial, marine protection and conservation, problem solving of international sea dispute. OS1110 Oceanography (2) Syllabus This course provides an overview about the important of oceanography dealing with marine resource exploitation. ...
“Plate Tectonics Simulation”.
... Look for patterns in density, subduction, and volcanoes in the table. a) When a plate subducts what is always true about the density of the plate that subducts compared to the plate it subducts under? ______________________________________________________________________________ b) When volcanoes fo ...
... Look for patterns in density, subduction, and volcanoes in the table. a) When a plate subducts what is always true about the density of the plate that subducts compared to the plate it subducts under? ______________________________________________________________________________ b) When volcanoes fo ...
The first observations, September 1998, CMOS Bulletin.
... continues to track this eddy in November 1999. The images showed the eddy to form in winter along the West Coast of the Queen Charlotte Islands. He labelled it Haida-1998, after the First Nations name for the region and its year of formation. The web site showed Haida-1998 to be one of an annual sup ...
... continues to track this eddy in November 1999. The images showed the eddy to form in winter along the West Coast of the Queen Charlotte Islands. He labelled it Haida-1998, after the First Nations name for the region and its year of formation. The web site showed Haida-1998 to be one of an annual sup ...
Plate Tectonics 1
... • Why do we have oceanic and continental crusts? • Why are there deep-sea trenches, mid-ocean ridges and long seamount chains? Break ...
... • Why do we have oceanic and continental crusts? • Why are there deep-sea trenches, mid-ocean ridges and long seamount chains? Break ...
Census of seafloor sediments in the world`s ocean
... sink (seafloor). Here we focus on diatoms, because their predominance in the Southern Ocean, where they are estimated to contribute as much as 75% of the total primary productivity (Crosta et al., 2005), and their subsequent preservation on the seafloor have been particularly controversial (e.g., Ne ...
... sink (seafloor). Here we focus on diatoms, because their predominance in the Southern Ocean, where they are estimated to contribute as much as 75% of the total primary productivity (Crosta et al., 2005), and their subsequent preservation on the seafloor have been particularly controversial (e.g., Ne ...
Key Concept Review (Answers to in-text “Concept Checks”) Chapter
... 24. Because the deep sea sediment record is ultimately destroyed in the subduction process, the ocean's sedimentary "memory" does not start with the ocean’s formation as originally reasoned by early marine scientists. 25. Scientists now have instruments capable of analyzing very small variations in ...
... 24. Because the deep sea sediment record is ultimately destroyed in the subduction process, the ocean's sedimentary "memory" does not start with the ocean’s formation as originally reasoned by early marine scientists. 25. Scientists now have instruments capable of analyzing very small variations in ...
Lesson: Landforms and Oceans
... Standard 5.E.3: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how natural processes and human activities affect the features of Earth’s landforms and oceans. 5.E.3A. Conceptual Understanding: Some of the land on Earth is located above water and some is located below the oceans. The downhill movem ...
... Standard 5.E.3: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how natural processes and human activities affect the features of Earth’s landforms and oceans. 5.E.3A. Conceptual Understanding: Some of the land on Earth is located above water and some is located below the oceans. The downhill movem ...
Ocean Basins - University of Washington
... moves away from ridge axis in both directions Abyssal basins water depth – 4000-6000 m (only trenches are deeper) abyssal hills, include rough relief from volcanic formation abyssal plains, smooth surface due to burial by sediment Continental margins created by sediment from land that builds into oc ...
... moves away from ridge axis in both directions Abyssal basins water depth – 4000-6000 m (only trenches are deeper) abyssal hills, include rough relief from volcanic formation abyssal plains, smooth surface due to burial by sediment Continental margins created by sediment from land that builds into oc ...
Plate Tectonics and Deformation of the Crust
... in Africa and South America provided one of the earliest clues to a former connection between the two continents. Mesosaurus was a freshwater species and so clearly incapable of a transatlantic swim. ...
... in Africa and South America provided one of the earliest clues to a former connection between the two continents. Mesosaurus was a freshwater species and so clearly incapable of a transatlantic swim. ...
Ocean acidification
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/WOA05_GLODAP_del_pH_AYool.png?width=300)
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. An estimated 30–40% of the carbon dioxide from human activity released into the atmosphere dissolves into oceans, rivers and lakes. To achieve chemical equilibrium, some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid. Some of these extra carbonic acid molecules react with a water molecule to give a bicarbonate ion and a hydronium ion, thus increasing ocean acidity (H+ ion concentration). Between 1751 and 1994 surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans. Since current and projected ocean pH levels are above 7.0, the oceans are technically alkaline now and will remain so; referring to this effect as ""decreasing ocean alkalinity"" would be equally correct if less politically useful. Earth System Models project that within the last decade ocean acidity exceeded historical analogs and in combination with other ocean biogeochemical changes could undermine the functioning of marine ecosystems and disrupt the provision of many goods and services associated with the ocean.Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of possibly harmful consequences, such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms, and causing coral bleaching. This also causes decreasing oxygen levels as it kills off algae.Other chemical reactions are triggered which result in a net decrease in the amount of carbonate ions available. This makes it more difficult for marine calcifying organisms, such as coral and some plankton, to form biogenic calcium carbonate, and such structures become vulnerable to dissolution. Ongoing acidification of the oceans threatens food chains connected with the oceans. As members of the InterAcademy Panel, 105 science academies have issued a statement on ocean acidification recommending that by 2050, global CO2 emissions be reduced by at least 50% compared to the 1990 level.Ocean acidification has been called the ""evil twin of global warming"" and ""the other CO2 problem"".Ocean acidification has occurred previously in Earth's history. The most notable example is the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), which occurred approximately 56 million years ago. For reasons that are currently uncertain, massive amounts of carbon entered the ocean and atmosphere, and led to the dissolution of carbonate sediments in all ocean basins.