On the climate response of the low
... a resolution of 2.0) and 149 points in latitude (corresponding to a resolution which varies from 0.5 at the equator to 2.0 at the poles). Thirty-one vertical levels are used, with ten levels in the top 100 m. The model configuration used in the present study has a rigid lid, so that surface freshw ...
... a resolution of 2.0) and 149 points in latitude (corresponding to a resolution which varies from 0.5 at the equator to 2.0 at the poles). Thirty-one vertical levels are used, with ten levels in the top 100 m. The model configuration used in the present study has a rigid lid, so that surface freshw ...
The geology of European coldwater coral carbonate mounds
... to four times the area of Sweden. In a study in this week’s issue of Science, conducted by researchers at the Russian Academy of Sciences, the University of Alaska, USA, and of Stockholm University, it is shown that the area is currently leaking annually 8 million tonnes of methane into the atmosphe ...
... to four times the area of Sweden. In a study in this week’s issue of Science, conducted by researchers at the Russian Academy of Sciences, the University of Alaska, USA, and of Stockholm University, it is shown that the area is currently leaking annually 8 million tonnes of methane into the atmosphe ...
IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON PLANKTON
... response to global warming. If the predictions of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) of a continuing rise in global temperatures prevail then it can be expected that returns of salmon to home waters will continue to decline, especially at the southern edge of their distribution in Spai ...
... response to global warming. If the predictions of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) of a continuing rise in global temperatures prevail then it can be expected that returns of salmon to home waters will continue to decline, especially at the southern edge of their distribution in Spai ...
South Equatorial Current (SEC) driven changes at DSDP Site 237
... foraminifera have the potential to serve as proxies for very low values of oxygen. However, once oxygen is sufficient, they cease to be effective proxies. The present study is aimed at understanding the paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic (monsoonal) changes in the Central Indian Ocean using deep-se ...
... foraminifera have the potential to serve as proxies for very low values of oxygen. However, once oxygen is sufficient, they cease to be effective proxies. The present study is aimed at understanding the paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic (monsoonal) changes in the Central Indian Ocean using deep-se ...
PDF
... Indian Ocean SST usually warms up significantly in The SSTA in the North Pacific was dominated by a the years following El Niño, e.g., in 1998, 1987, and negative PDO pattern during the winter 2008/09 and 1983. The warming in 2009 is somewhat unusual in spring 2009, characterized by a horseshoe patt ...
... Indian Ocean SST usually warms up significantly in The SSTA in the North Pacific was dominated by a the years following El Niño, e.g., in 1998, 1987, and negative PDO pattern during the winter 2008/09 and 1983. The warming in 2009 is somewhat unusual in spring 2009, characterized by a horseshoe patt ...
Tsunamis - LsSharks
... sign of a tsunami. Beachgoers have about five minutes to get to higher ground. Recognizing and responding to this sign of a tsunami can be the difference between life and death. The Pacific Tsunami Warning System now exists in Hawaii. This group of scientists from 26 nations works to identify tsunam ...
... sign of a tsunami. Beachgoers have about five minutes to get to higher ground. Recognizing and responding to this sign of a tsunami can be the difference between life and death. The Pacific Tsunami Warning System now exists in Hawaii. This group of scientists from 26 nations works to identify tsunam ...
MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change
... The MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change is an organization for research, independent policy analysis, and public education in global environmental change. It seeks to provide leadership in understanding scientific, economic, and ecological aspects of this difficult issue, a ...
... The MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change is an organization for research, independent policy analysis, and public education in global environmental change. It seeks to provide leadership in understanding scientific, economic, and ecological aspects of this difficult issue, a ...
Elana McDermott Final Paper Global Coral Reefs: Concerns
... zooxanthellae leave the coral pale or white in color. This bleaching is a stress response to increased water temperatures. If the temperature remains too high for the coral to resume normal symbiotic functions it often leads to high mortality and reduced growth rates. Currently, water temperatures a ...
... zooxanthellae leave the coral pale or white in color. This bleaching is a stress response to increased water temperatures. If the temperature remains too high for the coral to resume normal symbiotic functions it often leads to high mortality and reduced growth rates. Currently, water temperatures a ...
National Strategy
... The NOS2013-2020 presents a new model of development of ocean and coastal areas that will allow Portugal to meet the challenges for the promotion, growth and competitiveness of the maritime economy, in particular, the important changes to the political and strategic framework at both European and Wo ...
... The NOS2013-2020 presents a new model of development of ocean and coastal areas that will allow Portugal to meet the challenges for the promotion, growth and competitiveness of the maritime economy, in particular, the important changes to the political and strategic framework at both European and Wo ...
Seawater nutrient and carbonate ion concentrations recorded as P
... Ca and Fe/Ca compared to the mean along the rest of a coral ablation line, discrete Fe–Mn phases enriched in P may be present. These phases did not show anomalous enrichment in Ba or U (Fig. 2). However, ablation of interior septal aragonite accessible in thick sections, with preablation, allowed us ...
... Ca and Fe/Ca compared to the mean along the rest of a coral ablation line, discrete Fe–Mn phases enriched in P may be present. These phases did not show anomalous enrichment in Ba or U (Fig. 2). However, ablation of interior septal aragonite accessible in thick sections, with preablation, allowed us ...
Chapter 36 F Open Ocean Deep Sea
... hosted by the deep ocean also holds the potential for new pharmaceutical and industrial applications. With up to millions of estimated deep-sea species (cf. Chapter 34; CoML, 2010; Grassle and Maciolek, 1992), although the true number of species may be less, (Appeltans et al., 2012, Costello et al. ...
... hosted by the deep ocean also holds the potential for new pharmaceutical and industrial applications. With up to millions of estimated deep-sea species (cf. Chapter 34; CoML, 2010; Grassle and Maciolek, 1992), although the true number of species may be less, (Appeltans et al., 2012, Costello et al. ...
Introduction to Marine Science
... History of Oceanography Birth of Marine Science (1700-1900) The Challenger Expedition 1872 Devoted entirely to marine science exploration Gathered physical, geological, chemical, and biological data as they documented temperature, currents, water chemistry, marine organisms, and bottom sedime ...
... History of Oceanography Birth of Marine Science (1700-1900) The Challenger Expedition 1872 Devoted entirely to marine science exploration Gathered physical, geological, chemical, and biological data as they documented temperature, currents, water chemistry, marine organisms, and bottom sedime ...
Marine Unit 1 PPT
... History of Oceanography Birth of Marine Science (1700-1900) The Challenger Expedition 1872 Devoted entirely to marine science exploration Gathered physical, geological, chemical, and biological data as they documented temperature, currents, water chemistry, marine organisms, and bottom sedime ...
... History of Oceanography Birth of Marine Science (1700-1900) The Challenger Expedition 1872 Devoted entirely to marine science exploration Gathered physical, geological, chemical, and biological data as they documented temperature, currents, water chemistry, marine organisms, and bottom sedime ...
CHAPTER 24 Polar and Alpine Environments
... This chapter analyses the polar and alpine regions of the Earth. Polar regions are remote and have low populations but they are not immune from the impacts of human activities. Literally, arctic and antarctic regions extend north and south of the 66o 30 latitude respectively, but the natural boundar ...
... This chapter analyses the polar and alpine regions of the Earth. Polar regions are remote and have low populations but they are not immune from the impacts of human activities. Literally, arctic and antarctic regions extend north and south of the 66o 30 latitude respectively, but the natural boundar ...
Oceans and Human Health Roundtable Report
... problems and annual losses of billions of dollars of income worldwide. Although it has been an area of research for decades and progress in several areas, there is still much we do not know about this topic. This outline covers basic information on the subject, with a focus on areas ripe for future ...
... problems and annual losses of billions of dollars of income worldwide. Although it has been an area of research for decades and progress in several areas, there is still much we do not know about this topic. This outline covers basic information on the subject, with a focus on areas ripe for future ...
Deep ocean ventilation, carbon isotopes, marine sedimentation and
... driven by shifts in organic matter accumulation on shallow shelves as sea level rises and falls. Atmospheric pCO2 would be reduced during glacial times through increased biological productivity promoted by an enhanced whole-ocean nutrient inventory. Paleo-data have revealed, however, that several pr ...
... driven by shifts in organic matter accumulation on shallow shelves as sea level rises and falls. Atmospheric pCO2 would be reduced during glacial times through increased biological productivity promoted by an enhanced whole-ocean nutrient inventory. Paleo-data have revealed, however, that several pr ...
Projected changes in Arctic Ocean freshwater budgets
... scenario for projected changes in greenhouse gas emissions [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2001]. In this scenario, carbon dioxide levels reach approximately 720 ppm by 2100 as compared to approximately 370 ppm in 2000. Holland et al. [2006] found that differences in the projected ...
... scenario for projected changes in greenhouse gas emissions [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2001]. In this scenario, carbon dioxide levels reach approximately 720 ppm by 2100 as compared to approximately 370 ppm in 2000. Holland et al. [2006] found that differences in the projected ...
Capacity-Building Activities - Scientific Committee on Oceanic
... in Guatemala City dedicated to the instruction, research and development of marine sciences and aquaculture. The course had a total duration of 25 hours and did cover the basic aspects of the physical oceanography, from the large scale circulation and it relation with the climate to the regional oce ...
... in Guatemala City dedicated to the instruction, research and development of marine sciences and aquaculture. The course had a total duration of 25 hours and did cover the basic aspects of the physical oceanography, from the large scale circulation and it relation with the climate to the regional oce ...
Ocean - cloudfront.net
... movement of a substance (fluid). In mantle convection, hot material at the deepest part of the mantle rises and then cools, and sinks again, repeating the cycle over and over. When convection currents flow in the mantle they also move the crust. ...
... movement of a substance (fluid). In mantle convection, hot material at the deepest part of the mantle rises and then cools, and sinks again, repeating the cycle over and over. When convection currents flow in the mantle they also move the crust. ...
Lab 4
... some of the plankton (floating organisms which will be the subject of next week's lab). When planktonic organisms die, their skeletal materials can sink to the ocean floor. Large areas of the ocean floor are covered by biogenous sediments. These deposits of the deep sea are called oozes when they co ...
... some of the plankton (floating organisms which will be the subject of next week's lab). When planktonic organisms die, their skeletal materials can sink to the ocean floor. Large areas of the ocean floor are covered by biogenous sediments. These deposits of the deep sea are called oozes when they co ...
Protection and conservation of the living resources of the Area
... the Mid Atlantic Ridge, at 3,650 meters depth, measures more than 48 m in high and 182 m in diameter. Some deposits can contain approximately 100 million metric tons, competing with giant ore bodies on land, although most marine deposits are much smaller. Sometimes the structures fall, but chimneys ...
... the Mid Atlantic Ridge, at 3,650 meters depth, measures more than 48 m in high and 182 m in diameter. Some deposits can contain approximately 100 million metric tons, competing with giant ore bodies on land, although most marine deposits are much smaller. Sometimes the structures fall, but chimneys ...
INTRODUCTION TO MARINE SCIENCE
... plankton population on a weekly basis. NASA’s latest Earth-observing satellite, AQUA, launched in 2002, gathers information on precipitation and evaporation, in order to determine if Earth’s water cycle is being affected by climate change. Remote-sensing satellites are also used in search-and-rescue ...
... plankton population on a weekly basis. NASA’s latest Earth-observing satellite, AQUA, launched in 2002, gathers information on precipitation and evaporation, in order to determine if Earth’s water cycle is being affected by climate change. Remote-sensing satellites are also used in search-and-rescue ...
Divergent Plate Boundaries
... Magma rises, cools and forms new lithosphere Typically expressed as mid-oceanic ridges ...
... Magma rises, cools and forms new lithosphere Typically expressed as mid-oceanic ridges ...
An inverse model for calculation of global volume Fan, Chenwu
... through the Drake Passage is around 156 Sv with a small seasonal variation (Fig. 6), which compares well with the estimate of 134 Sv by Nowlin and Klink (1986), although observed Antarctic Circumpolar Current transports are subject to uncertainties of tens of Sverdrups depending on the contribution ...
... through the Drake Passage is around 156 Sv with a small seasonal variation (Fig. 6), which compares well with the estimate of 134 Sv by Nowlin and Klink (1986), although observed Antarctic Circumpolar Current transports are subject to uncertainties of tens of Sverdrups depending on the contribution ...
Ocean acidification
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. An estimated 30–40% of the carbon dioxide from human activity released into the atmosphere dissolves into oceans, rivers and lakes. To achieve chemical equilibrium, some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid. Some of these extra carbonic acid molecules react with a water molecule to give a bicarbonate ion and a hydronium ion, thus increasing ocean acidity (H+ ion concentration). Between 1751 and 1994 surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans. Since current and projected ocean pH levels are above 7.0, the oceans are technically alkaline now and will remain so; referring to this effect as ""decreasing ocean alkalinity"" would be equally correct if less politically useful. Earth System Models project that within the last decade ocean acidity exceeded historical analogs and in combination with other ocean biogeochemical changes could undermine the functioning of marine ecosystems and disrupt the provision of many goods and services associated with the ocean.Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of possibly harmful consequences, such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms, and causing coral bleaching. This also causes decreasing oxygen levels as it kills off algae.Other chemical reactions are triggered which result in a net decrease in the amount of carbonate ions available. This makes it more difficult for marine calcifying organisms, such as coral and some plankton, to form biogenic calcium carbonate, and such structures become vulnerable to dissolution. Ongoing acidification of the oceans threatens food chains connected with the oceans. As members of the InterAcademy Panel, 105 science academies have issued a statement on ocean acidification recommending that by 2050, global CO2 emissions be reduced by at least 50% compared to the 1990 level.Ocean acidification has been called the ""evil twin of global warming"" and ""the other CO2 problem"".Ocean acidification has occurred previously in Earth's history. The most notable example is the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), which occurred approximately 56 million years ago. For reasons that are currently uncertain, massive amounts of carbon entered the ocean and atmosphere, and led to the dissolution of carbonate sediments in all ocean basins.