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... utilization and economies of scale, which improves productivity. (4) Exports promote diffusion of knowledge through interaction with foreign buyers and through learning by doing. Economic growth is thus increased by higher innovation. (5) Exporting firms are forced to learn technological advancement ...
... utilization and economies of scale, which improves productivity. (4) Exports promote diffusion of knowledge through interaction with foreign buyers and through learning by doing. Economic growth is thus increased by higher innovation. (5) Exporting firms are forced to learn technological advancement ...
The End of the Great Depression 1939-41
... standard in postwar empirical studies to create a band-pass filtered estimate of trend GDP by cutting out frequencies corresponding to periodicities below 32 quarters. The implausibility of the application of the band-pass (BP) filter to interwar data with this standard filtering of periodicities is ...
... standard in postwar empirical studies to create a band-pass filtered estimate of trend GDP by cutting out frequencies corresponding to periodicities below 32 quarters. The implausibility of the application of the band-pass (BP) filter to interwar data with this standard filtering of periodicities is ...
Diversification, Cost Structure, and the Risk
... production. If the host country is hit by a negative shock, the affiliate may incur losses. The parent may find optimal not to exit the foreign market and bear those losses for a while, in order not to forego the sunk cost it paid to enter. The higher the fixed and sunk costs of production, the high ...
... production. If the host country is hit by a negative shock, the affiliate may incur losses. The parent may find optimal not to exit the foreign market and bear those losses for a while, in order not to forego the sunk cost it paid to enter. The higher the fixed and sunk costs of production, the high ...
Does better local governance improve district growth performance in
... governments coordinate and perform strategic functions that affect more than one district government. District governments are responsible for most service delivery, local road building and much regulation of the local economy. However, the economic performance of Indonesia’s districts since decentr ...
... governments coordinate and perform strategic functions that affect more than one district government. District governments are responsible for most service delivery, local road building and much regulation of the local economy. However, the economic performance of Indonesia’s districts since decentr ...
Background Report Volume 2 (PDF 2293KB)
... of available statistical reports provide material for users wishing to examine particular issues in an in-depth manner. Certain indicators have also been presented in a disaggregated manner using classifications such as gender, region and age as appropriate. For some indicators, it may be preferable ...
... of available statistical reports provide material for users wishing to examine particular issues in an in-depth manner. Certain indicators have also been presented in a disaggregated manner using classifications such as gender, region and age as appropriate. For some indicators, it may be preferable ...
Comparative de-linking and re-linking analyses of the EU
... different indicators for environmental stress (ES), these are total primary energy supply (TPES) and carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion (CO2). These indicators relate to each other, because CO2 emission from fuel combustion is a result of the use of TPES (cf. Sun, 1999). However, the rela ...
... different indicators for environmental stress (ES), these are total primary energy supply (TPES) and carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion (CO2). These indicators relate to each other, because CO2 emission from fuel combustion is a result of the use of TPES (cf. Sun, 1999). However, the rela ...
School Spending and Student Performance in OECD Countries, 1998-2011
... decade, whereas the third showed virtually no change. The biggest percentage increase was in nonpersonnel costs as a share of GDP, 26 percent over the 13-year period. Secondary education made up the largest share of educational expenditures (38 percent), followed by primary education (27 percent) an ...
... decade, whereas the third showed virtually no change. The biggest percentage increase was in nonpersonnel costs as a share of GDP, 26 percent over the 13-year period. Secondary education made up the largest share of educational expenditures (38 percent), followed by primary education (27 percent) an ...
1. ME
... With dollars in their pockets, the students spend money on food and drink, motel rooms, dance clubs, etc. These dollars raise total income there by some multiple of itself. College students buy pizzas, beer, and sodas. The people who sell these items find their incomes rising. They spend some fracti ...
... With dollars in their pockets, the students spend money on food and drink, motel rooms, dance clubs, etc. These dollars raise total income there by some multiple of itself. College students buy pizzas, beer, and sodas. The people who sell these items find their incomes rising. They spend some fracti ...
Geographic concentration and territorial disparity in
... Before presenting the results of the analysis, a few comments on the time period are in order. Due to limited data availability, the reference period tends to differ between countries4. In order to ensure time consistency between variables (GDP, employment at the workplace, employment at the place o ...
... Before presenting the results of the analysis, a few comments on the time period are in order. Due to limited data availability, the reference period tends to differ between countries4. In order to ensure time consistency between variables (GDP, employment at the workplace, employment at the place o ...
Macro Risks and the Term Structure
... the risks associated with aggregate supply and demand shocks for the U.S. economy. We extract these shocks from data on real activity and inflation. The model features nonGaussian dynamics for macroeconomic variables, but the term structure itself is affine in the factors, and the model is therefore ...
... the risks associated with aggregate supply and demand shocks for the U.S. economy. We extract these shocks from data on real activity and inflation. The model features nonGaussian dynamics for macroeconomic variables, but the term structure itself is affine in the factors, and the model is therefore ...
Foreign Aid, Legal Origin, Economic Growth and Africa`s Least
... Nonetheless, African economies have made significant efforts to attract other forms of capital, but their efforts have been disappointing at best. For example, the pursuit of comprehensive macroeconomic policies under the IMF structural adjustment programs that were introduced in the 1980s, combine ...
... Nonetheless, African economies have made significant efforts to attract other forms of capital, but their efforts have been disappointing at best. For example, the pursuit of comprehensive macroeconomic policies under the IMF structural adjustment programs that were introduced in the 1980s, combine ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES SUDDEN STOPS, FINANCIAL CRISES AND LEVERAGE:
... averages because of substantial cross-country dispersion in cyclical components, and deviations from trend instead of cumulative growth to remove low-frequency dynamics. Second, Calvo et al. focus mainly on Sudden Stops with large output collapses. Here we include all Sudden Stop events. ...
... averages because of substantial cross-country dispersion in cyclical components, and deviations from trend instead of cumulative growth to remove low-frequency dynamics. Second, Calvo et al. focus mainly on Sudden Stops with large output collapses. Here we include all Sudden Stop events. ...
Fiscal Policy and the Current Account
... corroborate each other. The sample includes about a hundred countries over a period of more than two decades. The estimates distinguish among advanced and emerging/low-income countries; more and less open economies; and country-years with small and large output gaps. While the analysis was also cond ...
... corroborate each other. The sample includes about a hundred countries over a period of more than two decades. The estimates distinguish among advanced and emerging/low-income countries; more and less open economies; and country-years with small and large output gaps. While the analysis was also cond ...
WP/16/39 Governments and Promised Fiscal Consolidations
... fiscal performance in 17 OECD countries during 1978-2015. 4 We find that fiscal promise gaps were sizeable (about 0.3 percent of GDP per year, or 1.1 percent of GDP over a typical 3-year adjustment episode). Economic factors and forecast errors were important in explaining the differences between bu ...
... fiscal performance in 17 OECD countries during 1978-2015. 4 We find that fiscal promise gaps were sizeable (about 0.3 percent of GDP per year, or 1.1 percent of GDP over a typical 3-year adjustment episode). Economic factors and forecast errors were important in explaining the differences between bu ...
Open Access - Lund University Publications
... There are numerous ways to tackle the problem of population aging in the context of fiscal balance. Some of them work in the short or medium term, and others work in the long term (Bengtsson & Scott 2010). We will give a brief description of the most promising methods. The first is an increase in fe ...
... There are numerous ways to tackle the problem of population aging in the context of fiscal balance. Some of them work in the short or medium term, and others work in the long term (Bengtsson & Scott 2010). We will give a brief description of the most promising methods. The first is an increase in fe ...
2013 External Balance Assessment (EBA) Methodology
... where3 Y = the domestic output gap; REER = the real effective exchange rate, which plays an expenditure-switching role; NFA = net foreign assets (measured at the beginning of the period); r = interest rate; ΔR = change in foreign exchange reserves; CF = balance on the financial account; X ' s = all ...
... where3 Y = the domestic output gap; REER = the real effective exchange rate, which plays an expenditure-switching role; NFA = net foreign assets (measured at the beginning of the period); r = interest rate; ΔR = change in foreign exchange reserves; CF = balance on the financial account; X ' s = all ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES RECESSION Joshua Aizenman
... The financial crisis that started in the US in 2007 spread rapidly to the rest of the world and resulted in the Great Recession. By mid 2009, the financial crisis was over in most countries, although the evidence on the recession and the tenuous recovery is less clear. In this paper, we aim to unde ...
... The financial crisis that started in the US in 2007 spread rapidly to the rest of the world and resulted in the Great Recession. By mid 2009, the financial crisis was over in most countries, although the evidence on the recession and the tenuous recovery is less clear. In this paper, we aim to unde ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES DEDUCTIONS FROM THE EXPORT BASKET: John Sutton
... 2. Differing levels of quality will co-exist in equilibrium, with prices increasing in quality. These two features generate a correlation between a country’s income and its export mix. A country with high quality in just a few goods will only be able to survive in a few markets i.e. in the low-g or ...
... 2. Differing levels of quality will co-exist in equilibrium, with prices increasing in quality. These two features generate a correlation between a country’s income and its export mix. A country with high quality in just a few goods will only be able to survive in a few markets i.e. in the low-g or ...
Paper
... not have been detected at conventional significance levels until as late as mid-2014, highlighting the problems of conventional break tests for real-time analysis (see also Benati, 2007). To address this issue, we introduce two novel features into an otherwise standard DFM of real activity data. Fir ...
... not have been detected at conventional significance levels until as late as mid-2014, highlighting the problems of conventional break tests for real-time analysis (see also Benati, 2007). To address this issue, we introduce two novel features into an otherwise standard DFM of real activity data. Fir ...
criminal asset recovery in the eu - Europol
... Recent reports have assessed the availability of data on the number of recovered assets across Europe. Project OCP conducted a survey among European national agencies involved in recovering frozen/seized/confiscated assets.21The aim of their survey was to identify which EU countries collect data on ...
... Recent reports have assessed the availability of data on the number of recovered assets across Europe. Project OCP conducted a survey among European national agencies involved in recovering frozen/seized/confiscated assets.21The aim of their survey was to identify which EU countries collect data on ...
The macroeconomic effects of fiscal policy in Spain
... Admittedly, the number of lags seems a little bit awkward for quarterly data. However, given the information collected by the tests mentioned I preferred to set it accordingly. On the other hand, the VAR with four lags did not offer different results from those reported in this paper in terms of imp ...
... Admittedly, the number of lags seems a little bit awkward for quarterly data. However, given the information collected by the tests mentioned I preferred to set it accordingly. On the other hand, the VAR with four lags did not offer different results from those reported in this paper in terms of imp ...
E F , I Q
... and growth rates across countries. The most well-established explanation in the literature takes a production function approach based on the work of Solow (1956). The second approach explains differences in income and growth across countries as a function of institutions, and is represented by the w ...
... and growth rates across countries. The most well-established explanation in the literature takes a production function approach based on the work of Solow (1956). The second approach explains differences in income and growth across countries as a function of institutions, and is represented by the w ...
Cyclically Adjusted Budget Balances in Slovenia
... medium-term objective, the SGP requirements could necessitate fiscal consolidation in bad times and therefore lead to pro-cyclical fiscal policies. For this reason, it is essential that countries achieve and maintain their medium-term budgetary objectives, thus ensuring a sufficient safety margin to ...
... medium-term objective, the SGP requirements could necessitate fiscal consolidation in bad times and therefore lead to pro-cyclical fiscal policies. For this reason, it is essential that countries achieve and maintain their medium-term budgetary objectives, thus ensuring a sufficient safety margin to ...
Chinese Political and Economic Governance System and the
... Consequently, it is natural for the capital and technology-intensive industries to play a leading role in generating tax revenues. Figure 3 illustrates that the value added tax payable of heavy industry accounts for a proportion of 65%-75% in the period 1994-2009. Similarly, the proportion of total ...
... Consequently, it is natural for the capital and technology-intensive industries to play a leading role in generating tax revenues. Figure 3 illustrates that the value added tax payable of heavy industry accounts for a proportion of 65%-75% in the period 1994-2009. Similarly, the proportion of total ...
Gross domestic product
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is a measure of the size of an economy. It is defined as ""an aggregate measure of production equal to the sum of the gross values added of all resident, institutional units engaged in production (plus any taxes, and minus any subsidies, on products not included in the value of their outputs)"" by the OECD.GDP estimates are commonly used to measure the economic performance of a whole country or region, but can also measure the relative contribution of an industry sector. This is possible because GDP is a measure of 'value added' rather than sales; it adds each firm's value added (the value of its output minus the value of goods that are used up in producing it). For example, a firm buys steel and adds value to it by producing a car; double counting would occur if GDP added together the value of the steel and the value of the car. Because it is based on value added, GDP also increases when an enterprise reduces its use of materials or other resources ('intermediate consumption') to produce the same output.The more familiar use of GDP estimates is to calculate the growth of the economy from year to year (and recently from quarter to quarter). The pattern of GDP growth is held to indicate the success or failure of economic policy and to determine whether an economy is 'in recession'.