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New substances are formed by chemical reactions. When elements
New substances are formed by chemical reactions. When elements

... Compounds formed from non-metals consist of molecules. The atoms in a molecule are joined together by covalent bonds. These bonds form when atoms share pairs of electrons. Chemical formulas The chemical formula of a compound shows how many of each type of atom join together to make the units which m ...
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... Runoff from agricultural land may have high levels of some elements such as selenium. Plants can take up selenium and convert it to gas, removing it from the water. We can use these plants to remove selenium = ...
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Covalent Bonding - Effingham County Schools

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Covalent Bonding - Effingham County Schools

lecture1 - Unaab.edu.ng
lecture1 - Unaab.edu.ng

... If a hard metal is combined with a soft ligand, the metal does not readily accept the electron density being offered by the ligand, and so the resulting complex is less stable since both partners are incompatible. As a general rule, the affinity of a donor atom in a ligand for a hard metal ion varie ...
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... electron-pair of the Au(III) is easily engaged in bonding by two F atoms, which add. In contrast AgF6solution species have not been similarly preparable from AgF4-, even using the most potent of known oxidative fluorinators, KrF2 (20). As we have seen it is relatively easy, with fluorine, to obtain ...
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... Except Sc, the most common O.S. of 3d series is +2 which arises from loss of two 4s electrons. This means after Sc d-orbitals become more stable. In the +2 and +3 O.S. the compounds are mostly ionic. In highest O.S. the compounds are mostly covalent, formed by removal or sharing of d-electrons (as i ...
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Teacher quality grant - Gulf Coast State College

... – Each group (vertical column) must be the same in some way and must have some feature that changes regularly as you move down the group. – Each period (horizontal row) must also share one thing in common and also must have one feature that changes regularly as you go across the periodic table. by J ...
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Teacher quality grant

Final Exam Practice 2016 (MC)
Final Exam Practice 2016 (MC)

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Oxidation state

The oxidation state, often called the oxidation number, is an indicator of the degree of oxidation (loss of electrons) of an atom in a chemical compound. Conceptually, the oxidation state, which may be positive, negative or zero, is the hypothetical charge that an atom would have if all bonds to atoms of different elements were 100% ionic, with no covalent component. This is never exactly true for real bonds.The term ""oxidation"" was first used by Lavoisier to mean reaction of a substance with oxygen. Much later, it was realized that the substance on being oxidized loses electrons, and the use of the term ""oxidation"" was extended to include other reactions in which electrons are lost.Oxidation states are typically represented by small integers. In some cases, the average oxidation state of an element is a fraction, such as 8/3 for iron in magnetite (Fe3O4). The highest known oxidation state is reported to be +9 in the cation IrO+4, while the lowest known oxidation state is −5 for boron, gallium, indium, and thallium. The possibility of +9 and +10 oxidation states in platinum group elements, especially iridium(IX) and platinum(X), has been discussed by Kiselev and Tretiyakov.The increase in oxidation state of an atom through a chemical reaction is known as an oxidation; a decrease in oxidation state is known as a reduction. Such reactions involve the formal transfer of electrons, a net gain in electrons being a reduction and a net loss of electrons being an oxidation. For pure elements, the oxidation state is zero.There are various methods for determining oxidation states/numbers.In inorganic nomenclature the oxidation state is determined and expressed as an oxidation number represented by a Roman numeral placed after the element name.In coordination chemistry, oxidation number is defined differently from oxidation state.
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