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Global scale climate–crop yield relationships and the impacts of
Global scale climate–crop yield relationships and the impacts of

... While many studies have considered the impacts of future climate changes on food production [2–5], the effects of these past changes on agriculture remain unclear. It is likely that warming has improved yields (food production per unit of land area) in some areas, reduced them in others and had negl ...
39_219_130990670009423533-Submission to UNFCCC Feb 03
39_219_130990670009423533-Submission to UNFCCC Feb 03

... Uganda’s bimodal rainfall is driven by the oscillation over the equator of the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) (the area where winds originating in the northern and southern hemispheres come together) with the changing of the seasons. The pattern of the ITCZ’s oscillation is in turn sensitive ...
OSS Introductory note 1 on climate change adaptation and fight against desertification, OSS and GIZ, 2007
OSS Introductory note 1 on climate change adaptation and fight against desertification, OSS and GIZ, 2007

... exacerbating drought and desertification. They all help to implement adaptation strategies. Whereas UNFCCC openly deals with the challenges of the vulnerability of communities and ecosystems and their adaptation to climate change, UNCCD focuses on the need to develop strategies for preventing or min ...
SPONSORING “GREEN” SUBJECTS: THE WORLD BANK’S 2009 YOUTH ESSAY CONTEST CHAPTER 14.
SPONSORING “GREEN” SUBJECTS: THE WORLD BANK’S 2009 YOUTH ESSAY CONTEST CHAPTER 14.

... and deregulation. As scholars of critical cultural studies point out, neoliberalism implies not only an economic agenda but also a “a frame of mind, a cultural ...
Recent Developments in Australian Climate Change Litigation
Recent Developments in Australian Climate Change Litigation

... emissions produced through future burning of the coal to constitute relevant considerations in the present.  Two years later, another coal mine expansion challenge shifted the judicial discussion to the burden of proving when a project’s local GHG emissions have a significant impact. In Wildlife Pre ...
exemplar - ESPACE Project
exemplar - ESPACE Project

... required to undertake water management adaptation measures described in the guide. Matters such as pressure on water resources, flood risk and resilience to other water-related climate change impacts were addressed in the guide. The Implementation Plan and the Guide for Planners are not bound to the ...
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - Air Pollution Control
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - Air Pollution Control

... Natural fluctuations in solar output (solar cycles) can cause changes in the energy balance (through fluctuations in the amount of incoming SWR). Human activity changes the emissions of gases and aerosols, which are involved in atmospheric chemical reactions, resulting in modified O3 and aerosol amo ...
Topic 12: Agriculture, Climate Change and Adaptation
Topic 12: Agriculture, Climate Change and Adaptation

... Permanence where one needs to consider the duration that the adaptation investment will be effective and not assume that the result persists forever see Kim McCarl and Murray for discussion in mitigation setting. ...
Energy Theme Breakdown - Learning for a Sustainable Future
Energy Theme Breakdown - Learning for a Sustainable Future

... cannot escape through the atmosphere. Therefore, the Earth heats up further and is warmer than it would be without the greenhouse effect. This warming enables life to exist on this planet and is essential to life. However, this effect has been intensified in recent decades due to an increase in gree ...
the critical decade
the critical decade

... and have improved average wheat yields (Farre et al 2009). These gains have been achieved through improvements in technology and management practice, including the ...
Causes of the northern high-latitude land surface
Causes of the northern high-latitude land surface

... shared variance. For some periods (for example, from 1963 to 1968), the AO and AL were in phase. [8] To show the spatial changes of the winter NHL climate in response to changes in the amplitude and polarity of the AO and AL for the period 1958– 2004, the sea level pressure (SLP) and surface air tem ...
Aerosol exposure versus aerosol cooling of climate
Aerosol exposure versus aerosol cooling of climate

... not anthropogenic aerosols had been present. Although uncertainties are substantial, it is estimated that the cooling by aerosols, black carbon included, is around −1.1 W/m2 (without black carbon −1.4 W/m2 ). The radiative forcing of carbon dioxide is about +1.7 W/m2 . Most of the greenhouse gases, ...
EPA`s Climate Resilience Evaluation and
EPA`s Climate Resilience Evaluation and

...  Developed specifically for water and wastewater utilities.   Identifies potential climate change threats a utility’s assets.  Performs baseline assessment of the utility’s current resilience to  ...
Sustainable Transport Series - American University of Beirut
Sustainable Transport Series - American University of Beirut

... Behavioral interventions themselves may be limited in their reach and need to be coupled with other measures, most notably technological innovations, in order to decrease the contribution of this sector to GHG emissions. Any single-minded policy focus on one facet at the expense of others will risk ...
McCarl, B.A., J. Chen, and A. Thayer, "Climate change and food
McCarl, B.A., J. Chen, and A. Thayer, "Climate change and food

... The literature is beginning to detect trends across multiple study areas such as the finding that increases in the number of hot nights has led to increased rice yields but decreases in quality (Porter et al., 2014). Additionally, climate change also has been found to influence technological progres ...
Sustainable Land Management and Its Relation to
Sustainable Land Management and Its Relation to

... preindustrial levels of 280 parts per million (ppm) to present levels of 375 ppm. Carbon sequestration refers to the provision of long-term storage of carbon in the terrestrial biosphere, underground, or the oceans so that the build-up of carbon dioxide (the principal greenhouse gas) concentration i ...
Ocean Variables
Ocean Variables

... Convention and metrics for observing systems as in TAR.  14-18 October 2002 - Meeting of authors to organise, assemble and review initial Adequacy analyses.  20 Dec 2002 - 7Mar 2003 - Open review of the draft Adequacy Report (GCOS homepage) - available to Parties to SBSTA.  12-14 March 2003 – Fin ...
3.7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Climate Change
3.7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Climate Change

... technical, and socioeconomic information relevant to the understanding of climate change, its potential impacts, and options for adaptation and mitigation. The IPCC estimates that the average global temperature rise by 0.3° to 4.8° Celsius during the twenty-first century (Intergovernmental Panel on ...
Broad range of 2050 warming from an observationally constrained large climate model ensemble
Broad range of 2050 warming from an observationally constrained large climate model ensemble

... model simulations. We find that model versions that reproduce observed surface temperature changes over the past 50 years show global-mean temperature increases of 1.4–3 K by 2050, relative to 1961–1990, under a mid-range forcing scenario. This range of warming is broadly consistent with the expert ...
Global Warming and Ozone Depletion
Global Warming and Ozone Depletion

... • Do not use tanning parlors or sunlamps. • When in the sun, wear protective clothing and sun– glasses that protect against UV-A and UV-B radiation. • Be aware that overcast skies do not protect you. ...
Birmingham`s Climate Portfolio
Birmingham`s Climate Portfolio

... where as acting in the future would cost anywhere between 5 and 20%. In order to adapt Birmingham to climate change it is important to understand what the likely predictions are. These need to be interpreted with a prior lay knowledge of the local area highlighted in the LCLIP report mentioned above ...
CONVENTION ON - the Economics Web Institute
CONVENTION ON - the Economics Web Institute

... identifying areas of high potential for the conservation and restoration of carbon stocks, as well as of ecosystem management measures that make best use of related climate change mitigation opportunities, and make this information openly available, such as to assist with integrated land-use plannin ...
Trees_TForgottenS_August07
Trees_TForgottenS_August07

... and logging. The recent intense debate on climate change in Australia has focused on greenhouse gas pollution coming from fossil fuel energy sources- oil and coal. Largely forgotten in the debate is the major role played by trees and other vegetation in absorbing greenhouse gas pollution and storing ...
The Myth of the 97% Consensus
The Myth of the 97% Consensus

... Zimmerman email response: “It is challenging to keep our own biases in check when conducting a survey like this. When I said "we have such a clear idea of what we are asking" I meant that we have been over and over many versions of the same questions, looking for the most neutral wording, so it beco ...
Introduction - San Jose State University
Introduction - San Jose State University

...  What role do clouds play on the Earth’s climate?  What would happen to our climate if clouds were to increase/decrease? ...
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Economics of global warming

There are a number of policies that governments might consider in response to global warming. The assessment of such policies involves the economics of global warming.Global warming is a long-term problem. One of the most important greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide. Around 20% of carbon dioxide which is emitted due to human activities can remain in the atmosphere for many thousands of years. The long time scales and uncertainty associated with global warming have led analysts to develop ""scenarios"" of future environmental, social and economic changes. These scenarios can help governments understand the potential consequences of their decisions.The impacts of climate change include the loss of biodiversity, sea level rise, increased frequency and severity of some extreme weather events, and acidification of the oceans. Economists have attempted to quantify these impacts in monetary terms, but these assessments can be controversial.The two main policy responses to global warming are to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and to adapt to the impacts of global warming (e.g., by building levees in response to sea level rise). Another policy response which has recently received greater attention is geoengineering of the climate system (e.g. injecting aerosols into the atmosphere to reflect sunlight away from the Earth's surface).One of the responses to the uncertainties of global warming is to adopt a strategy of sequential decision making. This strategy recognizes that decisions on global warming need to be made with incomplete information, and that decisions in the near term will have potentially long-term impacts. Governments might choose to use risk management as part of their policy response to global warming. For instance, a risk-based approach can be applied to climate impacts which are difficult to quantify in economic terms, e.g., the impacts of global warming on indigenous peoples.Analysts have assessed global warming in relation to sustainable development. Sustainable development considers how future generations might be affected by the actions of the current generation. In some areas, policies designed to address global warming may contribute positively towards other development objectives. In other areas, the cost of global warming policies may divert resources away from other socially and environmentally beneficial investments (the opportunity costs of climate change policy).
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