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An Uncertain Future: law enforcement, national security and climate
An Uncertain Future: law enforcement, national security and climate

... sea levels. Once the full effects of glacial and ice sheet melting are also taken into account, some suggest that the average rise in sea levels could be significantly higher than the conservative IPCC predictions, potentially a metre or more by end of century.4 Just to put this in context, in Bangl ...
The true cost of fossil fuels: Externality cost assessment
The true cost of fossil fuels: Externality cost assessment

... (SCC). These costs have been reviewed in some depth in the literature (DEFRA, 2007; Anthoff and Tol, 2013; US Government, 2013). The values are based on the discounted costs arising from a tonne of CO2 over the long term and therefore are sensitive to the discount rate adopted. The higher the discou ...
Climate change consequences for the indoor
Climate change consequences for the indoor

... Despite the fact that the Earth always had a changing climate throughout its 4.5 billion years of history, today's climate changes seem different than before (e.g., Holmes & Hacker, 2007). Preceding evidence shows that humanity plays an important role with respect to climate change, as concluded by ...
Atmospheric circulation as a source of uncertainty in climate change
Atmospheric circulation as a source of uncertainty in climate change

... circulation-­‐related  aspects  (including  precipitation),  this  sort  of  situation  seems   likely  to  be  the  rule,  and  robust  predictions  the  exception.  Figure  2  shows  large   parts  of  the  globe  where  even  for  a  s ...
CSIRO_CCAM Model_Methodology_FNL
CSIRO_CCAM Model_Methodology_FNL

... This section describes the methods used to provide high-resolution climate projection information for the Philippines. GCMs provide the best available tools for simulating large-scale future climates based on various greenhouse gas and aerosol emission scenarios, since they are able to couple atmosp ...
Forecasting potential global environmental costs of livestock
Forecasting potential global environmental costs of livestock

... strongly in efforts to more effectively manage the global environmental commons for sustainability objectives. Here, we use simplified but robust models to conservatively estimate the aggregate greenhouse gas emissions, reactive nitrogen mobilization, and biomass appropriation potentially associated ...
New South Wales Climate Change Policy Framework
New South Wales Climate Change Policy Framework

... Harmonised action by state and territory governments has the potential to complement national carbon policies in important areas such as planning and land clearing. However, unilateral action by state and territory governments can also undermine progress towards reducing emissions at lowest possible ...
Addressing Climate Change through a Risk Management Lens
Addressing Climate Change through a Risk Management Lens

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The Little Ice Age in Scientiªc Perspective: Cold
The Little Ice Age in Scientiªc Perspective: Cold

... in glaciology and climatology. Glaciology focused on a longer period of glacial advance from roughly 1300 to 1950 a.d., especially in the European Alps, depending mostly on winter precipitation, whereas climatology looked at summer temperatures, which were signiªcantly lower from around 1570 to 1900 ...
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Climate Change, Health and Future Well

... South Asia, defined geographically as the region of Asia that includes Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, holds 1.6 billion people, almost one quarter of the world’s current population. Recent population projections suggest that by 2050, the population o ...
Climate Change Makes Success in U.S. Strategy Harder to Achieve
Climate Change Makes Success in U.S. Strategy Harder to Achieve

... extraction of natural gas creates methane emissions, and so on. Since the 1980s, there has been a growing concern that greenhouse gas emissions from human activity is increasing the amount of heat trapped in the atmosphere. Colloquially this had been called “global warming,” but such a term inaccura ...
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Post-2012 Issues under the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol
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Agreeing on Robust Decisions

... urbanization plans, risk management strategies, and building codes and norms can influence development for equally long. Therefore, to make sound plans we must consider the performance of our investments and decisions in the near and long term. 2. Yet deep uncertainty about the future exacerbates th ...
Trends in Accounting for Greenhouse Gases
Trends in Accounting for Greenhouse Gases

... and severity of droughts and floods, the shift in onset of the rains, and increasing intensity of mid-season dry spells in the last 50 years have been identified in the Initial National Communications (1996) and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Third Assessment Report (2001) as a ...
Life history and spatial traits predict extinction risk due to climate
Life history and spatial traits predict extinction risk due to climate

... stochasticity, to create metapopulation models (spatially structured models of multiple populations, with partially correlated dynamics, that may exchange individuals through dispersal). We constructed age- and stage-structured, density-dependent, stochastic models for 6 life history types: small sa ...
Science integration into US climate and ocean policy
Science integration into US climate and ocean policy

... • A set of global sea-level rise scenarios37 was developed as input to the NCA; the scenarios include estimates of future increases in global average sea level up to 2100, as well as descriptions of selected regional and local differences from the global trend. • The sustained NCA process will inc ...
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... climate physics and economics. In Section 4, we discuss various aspects of the cost estimates of greenhouse gas emission reductions, and offer some suggestions as to how the estimates should be communicated. In Section 5, the paper reviews the published range, since 1998, of costs estimates of imple ...
Down-scaling CC_07072014 - cgiar-cac
Down-scaling CC_07072014 - cgiar-cac

... Then the floor was given to Dr. Srinivasan to present works about CC and its environmental applications, impact on agriculture and water resources. Demonstration of applications were from USA, India, Iran and other parts of world. Further Dr. Feras Ziadat mentioned that there a concept of mitigatio ...
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research

... The regional costs of emission reductions are represented by dynamic mitigation cost functions. In integrated assessment models, mitigation cost functions represent the link between the magnitude of emission reductions relative to a reference path and the resulting economic costs. Traditional mitiga ...
EPA CLIMATE CHANGE ANPR – WHAT DOES IT MEAN?
EPA CLIMATE CHANGE ANPR – WHAT DOES IT MEAN?

... • Design and use of almost anything that uses energy ...
epa climate change anpr – what does it mean?
epa climate change anpr – what does it mean?

... • Design and use of almost anything that uses energy ...
Global temperature change
Global temperature change

... imagined,’’ specifically GHGs were assumed to stop increasing after 2000. Intermediate scenario B was described as ‘‘the most plausible.’’ Scenario B has continued moderate increase in the rate of GHG emissions and includes three large volcanic eruptions sprin- ...
Yes, He Can: President Obama’s Power to Make an International Climate Commitment
Yes, He Can: President Obama’s Power to Make an International Climate Commitment

... After a long period of deliberation on how to approach an international agreement, President Obama has finally announced plans to attend part of the Copenhagen conference. He also has offered an emissions reduction target for the United States. His target, however, falls far short of the reductions ...
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Economics of global warming

There are a number of policies that governments might consider in response to global warming. The assessment of such policies involves the economics of global warming.Global warming is a long-term problem. One of the most important greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide. Around 20% of carbon dioxide which is emitted due to human activities can remain in the atmosphere for many thousands of years. The long time scales and uncertainty associated with global warming have led analysts to develop ""scenarios"" of future environmental, social and economic changes. These scenarios can help governments understand the potential consequences of their decisions.The impacts of climate change include the loss of biodiversity, sea level rise, increased frequency and severity of some extreme weather events, and acidification of the oceans. Economists have attempted to quantify these impacts in monetary terms, but these assessments can be controversial.The two main policy responses to global warming are to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and to adapt to the impacts of global warming (e.g., by building levees in response to sea level rise). Another policy response which has recently received greater attention is geoengineering of the climate system (e.g. injecting aerosols into the atmosphere to reflect sunlight away from the Earth's surface).One of the responses to the uncertainties of global warming is to adopt a strategy of sequential decision making. This strategy recognizes that decisions on global warming need to be made with incomplete information, and that decisions in the near term will have potentially long-term impacts. Governments might choose to use risk management as part of their policy response to global warming. For instance, a risk-based approach can be applied to climate impacts which are difficult to quantify in economic terms, e.g., the impacts of global warming on indigenous peoples.Analysts have assessed global warming in relation to sustainable development. Sustainable development considers how future generations might be affected by the actions of the current generation. In some areas, policies designed to address global warming may contribute positively towards other development objectives. In other areas, the cost of global warming policies may divert resources away from other socially and environmentally beneficial investments (the opportunity costs of climate change policy).
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