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north dakota - National Conference of State Legislatures
north dakota - National Conference of State Legislatures

... Climate is predicted to increase the likelihood of drought, which could impose considerable costs on North Dakota farmers. To gain a better picture of how these changes could affect farmers, improved assessments of how climate change may alter the state’s supply of water for agriculture are needed. ...
related paper by Mann (PDF)
related paper by Mann (PDF)

... published just after the 1991 Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption in the Philippines, Hansen and his collaborators also used a climate model to successfully predict that global surface temperatures would cool by roughly one half degree Celsius for the two years following the eruption.2 F. Earth’s clima ...
This Time is Different (opens in new window)
This Time is Different (opens in new window)

... How can countries best structure their cooperative interactions to promote the effective mitigation of climate change, in line with the objective of stabilising atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations at relatively safe levels? Or, in the jargon of international relations, how can the internationa ...
Global mechanisms for sustaining and enhancing PES schemes ⁎ Josh Farley
Global mechanisms for sustaining and enhancing PES schemes ⁎ Josh Farley

... with recipients chosen by centralized organizations, and the information required to decide between competing proposals is immense. Grant writing skills may play as much of a role in determining what projects are funded as the quality of the project itself, and transaction costs can be very high. An ...
Human Mobility in the context of Climate Change
Human Mobility in the context of Climate Change

... probability model that estimates the likelihood of future displacement. The model is based on the scale of displacement related to reported disasters. This research and modelling includes a decision support tool that simulates real time impacts of climate hazards, demographic trends and different po ...
climate change at risk - WWF
climate change at risk - WWF

... already changing our lives. The earth’s biological systems have responded even to the minimal warming seen so far. Among numerous examples on land, the tree lines of alpine forests have expanded to higher altitudes and exotic species have invaded as the number of frost days has decreased - palm fore ...
Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Emissions Trading in North America
Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Emissions Trading in North America

... Industrial Revolution. Carbon dioxide is up more than 30 percent, methane 100 percent, and nitrous oxide 15 percent.4 If we continue on our current path, greenhouse gas concentrations are projected to double the pre-Industrial levels by 2060. 3 Another fact is important to keep in mind: many of thes ...
The PAGE09 Integrated Assessment Model: A Technical Description
The PAGE09 Integrated Assessment Model: A Technical Description

... emissions of sulphates that cause cooling, are input as single projections over time, which do not  vary across abatement scenarios. In PAGE09 the excess forcing from gases not explicitly modelled,  and the sulphate emissions, are now allowed to vary by abatement policy, so that, for instance, the  ...
climate change
climate change

... of the worst affected areas. More than 365,000 acutely malnourished children are currently in need of help. About 3.2 million people are estimated to be in ...
Environmental Economics Notes David L. Kelly Department of
Environmental Economics Notes David L. Kelly Department of

... world. This distinction is a fine one, and in some cases overlap exists. Rather than discuss pollution, an environmental topic, one could discuss clean air, which is a renewable resource. The production of wood from forests sometimes results from insufficient protection of the natural world. But we ...
A Climate in Crisis: How climate change is making drought and
A Climate in Crisis: How climate change is making drought and

... of the worst affected areas. More than 365,000 acutely malnourished children are currently in need of help. About 3.2 million people are estimated to be in ...
Keith Brander
Keith Brander

... atmosphere have been higher than those experienced over the previous 600,000 years and the pH of the oceans has now dropped below the levels of the past 600,000 years (Fernand and Brewer, 2008). Such changes in global biogeochemistry will take tens or hundreds of thousands of years to reverse even i ...
A Climate in Crisis: How climate change is
A Climate in Crisis: How climate change is

... frequent.14 It seems likely climate change is playing a role, and there are an increasing number of studies of the physical processes that might be at play.15 But attribution studies on recent droughts have tended not to indicate a strong influence of climate change on rainfall intensity (see Table ...
Responses and feedbacks of coupled biogeochemical cycles to climate change:
Responses and feedbacks of coupled biogeochemical cycles to climate change:

... – or will otherwise die (Figure 3). To protect against mortality during the freeze-in period, microbes induce the synthesis of proteins, switch to alternative metabolic pathways, and alter the composition of their cell membranes to maintain functionality (Schimel et al. 2007; Hall et al. 2010), all ...
Correcting the carbon cycle representation: How
Correcting the carbon cycle representation: How

... been applied in earlier integrated assessment studies of global warming (e.g., [1–3]). However, these studies neglect the well understood non-linear relationship between partial pressure and dissolved inorganic carbon in seawater. Non-linear pulse response functions provide a transparent and simple ...
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

... Future Climate Projections: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) For its Fourth Assessment Report released in 2007, the IPCC considered several possible futures based on factors including population growth, economic development, and technological change. Each scenario was linked to esti ...
Estimation of Climate Change Impacts (Pece Ristevski
Estimation of Climate Change Impacts (Pece Ristevski

... On the basis of temperature and precipitation results for the period from 1926 to 2000 in Republic of Macedonia for 5 meteorological stations which have the longest series of data, the investigations of variations of these two elements are performed on the basis of which future climatic changes can ...
Summary
Summary

... Loss and damage which broadly refers to things beyond adaptation and include elements such as insurance and compensation. The submission observed that it was important for the developed countries to demonstrate leadership because they bore most of the causes associated with climate change due to the ...
Section 10: Freshwater Ecosystems
Section 10: Freshwater Ecosystems

... may favor the spread of warm-adapted invasive fish, which compete with or prey on native salmonid species.18,19,20 This could exacerbate the effect of native predators on resident populations. For example, a study based in the Columbia River projected that a 4°F increase in summer water temperature ...
Tropical Forests and Climate Policy
Tropical Forests and Climate Policy

... that reducing deforestation can result in longterm carbon storage, even with substantial climate change. Aggressive efforts to reduce industrial and deforestation emissions would likely further reduce the rate of decline and risk of reversal of the tropical sink (1) (fig. S6). While no single climat ...
Intended National Determined Contribution (INDC)
Intended National Determined Contribution (INDC)

... National Action Programme on Climate Change (NAPCC) endorsed by the Parliament 2011 includes concrete measures in response to climate change covering all principal sectors of economy. These and other relevant national level policy documents served as a basis for the development of Mongolia’s INDC, w ...
1. Active engagement
1. Active engagement

... For example, Gabonese senators underlined their country's commitment to the fight against climate disruption within the framework of the France-Central Africa group. They also pointed out that Gabon has taken several measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as part of its strategic plan "Gabon em ...
Document
Document

... • (Re)insurers time horizon is very short: quarters and years, not decades and centuries ...
0915 Reporting through CDP - Verduzco (Chevron)
0915 Reporting through CDP - Verduzco (Chevron)

... •What is the value of adding a fourth reporting boundary option? This will increase investor confusion and reporting burden. Further, some industries have well established guidelines (i.e. IPIECA GHG Reporting guidelines) © 2011 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. ...
Greater Accra Climate and Disaster Risk Mitigation
Greater Accra Climate and Disaster Risk Mitigation

... need and increasing demand from IDA countries to reduce the vulnerability of their people, assets, livelihoods and economies to climate related risks”. This commitment to foster climate and disaster resilient development is - among others – to be addressed through the following policy action: “Scale ...
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Economics of global warming

There are a number of policies that governments might consider in response to global warming. The assessment of such policies involves the economics of global warming.Global warming is a long-term problem. One of the most important greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide. Around 20% of carbon dioxide which is emitted due to human activities can remain in the atmosphere for many thousands of years. The long time scales and uncertainty associated with global warming have led analysts to develop ""scenarios"" of future environmental, social and economic changes. These scenarios can help governments understand the potential consequences of their decisions.The impacts of climate change include the loss of biodiversity, sea level rise, increased frequency and severity of some extreme weather events, and acidification of the oceans. Economists have attempted to quantify these impacts in monetary terms, but these assessments can be controversial.The two main policy responses to global warming are to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and to adapt to the impacts of global warming (e.g., by building levees in response to sea level rise). Another policy response which has recently received greater attention is geoengineering of the climate system (e.g. injecting aerosols into the atmosphere to reflect sunlight away from the Earth's surface).One of the responses to the uncertainties of global warming is to adopt a strategy of sequential decision making. This strategy recognizes that decisions on global warming need to be made with incomplete information, and that decisions in the near term will have potentially long-term impacts. Governments might choose to use risk management as part of their policy response to global warming. For instance, a risk-based approach can be applied to climate impacts which are difficult to quantify in economic terms, e.g., the impacts of global warming on indigenous peoples.Analysts have assessed global warming in relation to sustainable development. Sustainable development considers how future generations might be affected by the actions of the current generation. In some areas, policies designed to address global warming may contribute positively towards other development objectives. In other areas, the cost of global warming policies may divert resources away from other socially and environmentally beneficial investments (the opportunity costs of climate change policy).
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