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Climate Change and Forest Disturbances
Climate Change and Forest Disturbances

... 1998). Insects and pathogens are the most expensive, with costs exceeding $2 billion and 20.4 million ha per year (USDA 1997). The socioeconomic aspects of these damages are only part of the cost. Costs of impacts to ecological services (e.g., water purification) can be large and long term. This art ...
Phenomenological solar signature in 400 years of reconstructed N. Scafetta
Phenomenological solar signature in 400 years of reconstructed N. Scafetta

... curves indicates that the sun might have contributed approximately 50% of the total global surface warming since 1900 [Scafetta and West, 2006]. Since 1975 global warming has occurred much faster than could be reasonably expected from the sun alone. [15] Minor disagreements between the patterns can ...
Climate change policies and the WTO: Greening the GATT
Climate change policies and the WTO: Greening the GATT

... Home adopts a labelling scheme distinguishing between products that are not produced in manner that causes climate change and products that are. This is particularly important in the current climate negotiations, as the IPCC estimates that 38% of the reductions in CO2 emissions to hit the 2°C target ...
Response of river flow regime to various climate change scenarios
Response of river flow regime to various climate change scenarios

... respond to changes in basin runoff which is more sensitive to changes in precipitation and evaporation than other climate variables. For a catchment with a low runoff ratio, the effect of a 10% reduction in precipitation may range from a 50% reduction in river discharge with no direct CO2 effect, to ...
The Quiet Tsunami: The Ecological, Economic, Social, and Political
The Quiet Tsunami: The Ecological, Economic, Social, and Political

... Marine food resources have supported human civilizations from time immemorial. However, humanity’s path to economic development over the past century has created a newly emerging threat to oceanic health. Humans have been dramatically increasing their emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other gree ...
slides - Medical and Public Health Law Site
slides - Medical and Public Health Law Site

... Finding that "manmade pollution -- the release of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, methane, and other trace gases into the atmosphere -- may be producing a longterm and substantial increase in the average temperature on Earth," §1102(1), 101 Stat. 1408, Congress directed EPA to propose to Congre ...
Understanding By Design Unit Template
Understanding By Design Unit Template

... Current global models predict that, although future regional climate changes will be complex and varied, average global temperatures will continue to rise. The outcomes predicted by global climate models depend on the amount of human-generated greenhouse gases added to the atmosphere each year and o ...
Climate change in New Brunswick (Canada): statistical downscaling
Climate change in New Brunswick (Canada): statistical downscaling

... ‘greenhouse gases’ in the atmosphere (Smith 1990). Since the industrial revolution (mid-18th century), concentrations of naturally occurring (e.g. water vapour [H2O], carbon dioxide [CO2], methane [CH4], nitrous oxide [N2O], etc.) and man-made (e.g. chlorofluorocarbons or CFC’s) greenhouse gases hav ...
Climate Change Impact on Agricultural Water Resources Variability
Climate Change Impact on Agricultural Water Resources Variability

... properties, geology, terrain, land use practices, and the spatial pattern of interactions among these factors and with climate (Richey et al., 1989; Laurance, 1998; Schulze, 2000; Fohrer et al., 2001; Zhang et al., 2001; Huang and Zhang, 2004, Brown et al., 2005, van Roosmalen et al., 2009, Tu, 2009 ...
The influence of climate change on flood risks in France
The influence of climate change on flood risks in France

... Systems make decisions that have aData long term impact on flood vulnerability. New urban development can, for instance, increase the population and assets located in flood-prone areas for decades. This is why planners need to include information Geoscientific on future floods locations, frequency, ...
article - Minnesota Public Radio
article - Minnesota Public Radio

... to land use, fragmentation, and fire suppression (coupled Young et al. 2006). These new vegetation types would with several relatively moist decades) have led to the also support more frequent fires than would closed canopy expansion of woody species into the prairie biome over forests, thus reinfor ...
P6_TA-PROV(2009)0000 - European Parliament
P6_TA-PROV(2009)0000 - European Parliament

... supporting system, namely climate change and the overuse and destruction of many of the most important ecosystems; whereas there are many interlinkages between the climate system and ecosystems – in particular the capacity of oceans and terrestrial ecosystems to sequester carbon – and whereas clima ...
Climate Change Effects on Avian Migration
Climate Change Effects on Avian Migration

... In 1845, the Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters reorganised the collection of phenological records in Finland, originally started in 1750 by Professor Leche (Leche 1763; Haartman and Söderholm-Tana 1983). The initiative came from Carl von Linné, who had worked on plant phenological calendars (L ...
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation

... First of all, I'd like to thank the organiser, particularly Jonathan, for setting up this important panel discussion and allowing me to discuss before you about one of the heated topics in the realm of climate change negotiation as well as the nexus of climate change and development, which is REDD+ ...
Interacting Regional-Scale Regime Shifts for Biodiversity and
Interacting Regional-Scale Regime Shifts for Biodiversity and

... for examples of underlying tipping point mechanisms). Socioeconomic regime shifts are related to the vulnerabilities, adaptive capacities, and transformative capabilities of societies in the face of local and global pressures (table  2; Scheffer 2009, Leadley et al. 2010). Biophysical regime shifts ...
national climate change policy
national climate change policy

... coastal agriculture, mangroves and the breeding grounds of fish; 7. Threat to coastal areas due to projected sea level rise and increased cyclonic activity due to higher sea surface temperatures; 8. Increased stress between upper riparian and lower riparian regions in relation to sharing of water re ...
Forecasting the End of Climate Change Litigation: Why Expert
Forecasting the End of Climate Change Litigation: Why Expert

... adverse consequence of climate change9 is rising sea levels.10 The Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change (IPCC)11 has noted that “[o]bservations since 1961 show that the average temperature of the global ocean has increased to depths of at least 3000 m and that the ocean has been absorbing more ...
The integrated Earth system model version 1
The integrated Earth system model version 1

... As documented extensively in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) (IPCC, 2014), there is now broad scientific consensus that not only has the climate of the 20th and early 21st centuries changed from its recent historical baseline, but also that those ch ...
Survey Experiment - RGK Center for Philanthropy and Community
Survey Experiment - RGK Center for Philanthropy and Community

... approaches get at the micro-foundations of state behavior, actors are still by and large understood to be self-interested maximizers of material utility.4 These approaches all typically see logics of consequences as the primary animating logic of decision. Another theoretical approach—constructivis ...
Risk, uncertainty and the institutional geographies of
Risk, uncertainty and the institutional geographies of

... how it should be done. Lead flood management authorities are required to ensure “effective public participation and consultation” throughout the appraisal process (Defra, 2009a, p.36). These requirements reflect the widespread hope that opening up risk assessment and management to external participa ...
Climate Change - EPA
Climate Change - EPA

... caused by greenhouse gas emissions. The projected effects of this warming include changing rainfall patterns, rising sea levels and increased evaporation. These effects are already being observed. The average annual temperature in New South Wales is increasing at an accelerating rate. While global t ...
NEW NORDIC CLIMATE SOLUTIONS – THE NORDIC PAVILION AT COP21 CLIMATE SOLUTIONS
NEW NORDIC CLIMATE SOLUTIONS – THE NORDIC PAVILION AT COP21 CLIMATE SOLUTIONS

... world – and what the world can learn from Nordic countriesSitra ...
Interesting times: winners, losers, and system shifts under climate
Interesting times: winners, losers, and system shifts under climate

... societies that exploit them. What these shifts will be depends on which of the competing (and potentially counteracting) mechanisms dominate through space and time. Moreover, changes are unlikely to be simple or linear; there will be winners, losers, and surprises. It also means that management will ...
The Geoengineering Option
The Geoengineering Option

... Eliminating all the risks of climate change is impossible because carbon dioxide emissions, the chief human contribution to global warming, are unlike conventional air pollutants, which stay in the atmosphere for only hours or days. Once carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere, much of it remains for o ...
Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change - Userpage
Assessing EU Leadership on Climate Change - Userpage

... The KFG Working Paper Series serves to disseminate the research results of the Kolleg-Forschergruppe by making them available to a broader public. It means to enhance academic exchange as well as to strengthen and broaden existing basic research on internal and external diffusion processes in Europe ...
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Economics of global warming

There are a number of policies that governments might consider in response to global warming. The assessment of such policies involves the economics of global warming.Global warming is a long-term problem. One of the most important greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide. Around 20% of carbon dioxide which is emitted due to human activities can remain in the atmosphere for many thousands of years. The long time scales and uncertainty associated with global warming have led analysts to develop ""scenarios"" of future environmental, social and economic changes. These scenarios can help governments understand the potential consequences of their decisions.The impacts of climate change include the loss of biodiversity, sea level rise, increased frequency and severity of some extreme weather events, and acidification of the oceans. Economists have attempted to quantify these impacts in monetary terms, but these assessments can be controversial.The two main policy responses to global warming are to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and to adapt to the impacts of global warming (e.g., by building levees in response to sea level rise). Another policy response which has recently received greater attention is geoengineering of the climate system (e.g. injecting aerosols into the atmosphere to reflect sunlight away from the Earth's surface).One of the responses to the uncertainties of global warming is to adopt a strategy of sequential decision making. This strategy recognizes that decisions on global warming need to be made with incomplete information, and that decisions in the near term will have potentially long-term impacts. Governments might choose to use risk management as part of their policy response to global warming. For instance, a risk-based approach can be applied to climate impacts which are difficult to quantify in economic terms, e.g., the impacts of global warming on indigenous peoples.Analysts have assessed global warming in relation to sustainable development. Sustainable development considers how future generations might be affected by the actions of the current generation. In some areas, policies designed to address global warming may contribute positively towards other development objectives. In other areas, the cost of global warming policies may divert resources away from other socially and environmentally beneficial investments (the opportunity costs of climate change policy).
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