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guide to synthetic greenhouse gas activities in the NZ ETS
guide to synthetic greenhouse gas activities in the NZ ETS

... ETS. These participants are required to collect certain data to calculate and report on the greenhouse gas emissions associated with certain activities from 1 January 2013. The details of these obligations are set out in the Climate Change (Stationary Energy and Industrial Processes) Regulations 200 ...
Is co-producing science for adaptation decision
Is co-producing science for adaptation decision

... Far from the taboo subject it once was, adaptation to climate change is now politically accepted as something that needs tackling both globally and locally across different levels of governance (IPCC 2014; Pielke et al 2007). The UK Government has enacted legislation - Climate Change Act 2008 - requ ...
Land - Use/Land Cover Change as a
Land - Use/Land Cover Change as a

... with adjusted stratospheric temperatures). The height of the rectangular bar denotes a central or best estimate of the forcing, while each vertical line is an estimate of the uncertainty range associated with the forcing guided by the spread in the published record and physical understanding, and wi ...
Limited potential of no-till agriculture for climate change
Limited potential of no-till agriculture for climate change

... established33–35 but are often ignored in published literature comparing the effects of tillage methods on soil carbon stocks. Even when changes in bulk density are accounted for, the interplay of changed soil bulk density and the strongly developed SOC concentration gradient with depth under no-til ...
PDF
PDF

... 4.2.1. Farmer and/or household factors Smallholder farmers’ characteristics can influence decision on whether to adapt or not to adapt to the CV &. C. For example, many studies reveal that factors like experience in farming, gender, access and control over resources, education, marital status and in ...
Climate: Observations, projections and impacts: Egypt
Climate: Observations, projections and impacts: Egypt

... climate has changed and will continue to change in future in response to human activities. Across the world, this is already being felt as changes to the local weather that people experience every day. Our ability to provide useful information to help everyone understand how their environment has ch ...
Eleven Antitheses on Cities and States
Eleven Antitheses on Cities and States

... Nations Climate Change Conferences (known as COP from ‘Conference of the Parties’ to the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change; the meeting in Paris in 2015 is COP 21) respectively. Quite overtly, these two remarkable global institutions epitomize state-framing in both the science and the p ...
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i3084e16

... In this work we adopt the IPCC definition of climate change and we accept the scientific evidence provided in IPCC’s Third Assessment Report (TAR) and Fourth Assessment Reports. Climate change refers to present and future changes in climate conditions. Present changes are based on observed scientifi ...
Biogeosciences
Biogeosciences

... Model (MPI-OM; Marsland et al., 2003) (the ocean component). These simulations are described in detail by Salathé et al. (2013) and briefly summarized here. For the historical period (1970–1999), the ECHAM5–MPI-OM simulations of the 20th century forced by historical greenhouse gas concentration, aer ...
Diurnal temperature range as an index of global
Diurnal temperature range as an index of global

... 10 years). For observations and transient model experiments, standard deviations are calculated for the period 1901– 2000. For the control runs, we use 100-year samples, taken at 50-year intervals, to estimate the mean standard deviation. Error estimates are taken from the 5 – 95% confidence interva ...
1 SEIMAS OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA RESOLUTION
1 SEIMAS OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA RESOLUTION

... findings of the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC show that in order to keep the limitation of global average temperature growth to 2 °C, as compared to the pre-industrial temperature level, developed countries as a group should commit themselves to reducing the GHG emissions, as compared to 1990 ...
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skuras

... In this work we adopt the IPCC definition of climate change and we accept the scientific evidence provided in IPCC’s Third Assessment Report (TAR) and Fourth Assessment Reports. Climate change refers to present and future changes in climate conditions. Present changes are based on observed scientifi ...
Climate change is simple: We do something or we`re
Climate change is simple: We do something or we`re

... According to this paper (http://www.globalclimateforum.org/fileadmin/ecfdocuments/publications/ecf-working-papers/jaeger__three-views-of-two-degrees__ecfworking-paper-2-2010.pdf) (PDF), it ultimately traces back to a passing comment in a 1977 paper by, of all people, economist William Nordhaus. (WTF ...
Climate Change Impact Assessment in Taiwan Chung
Climate Change Impact Assessment in Taiwan Chung

... The forest margin or ecotone is sensitive and affected by climate change (Brubaker, 1986), especially in the treeline of the high mountain region. By using the high resolution data downscaled from global climate models (Hijmans et al., 2005), the decreasing rates of suitable habitats for Abies kawak ...
Working with nature, for people - European Commission
Working with nature, for people - European Commission

... ecosystems protect Europe’s coastline?’ researchers provide a unique insight by mapping natural coastal protection across the EU’s entire coastline. While they found that 42% of coastline is well protected by natural ecosystems, 31% shows insufficient capacity. Ecosystem-based approaches, restoring ...
“Community Vulnerability Mapping”: Enabling Participation and
“Community Vulnerability Mapping”: Enabling Participation and

... Over the last four decades, sub-Saharan Africa has experienced more than one thousand disasters.2 Disasters and hazard events are a major threat to development, putting at risk and often reversing development gains. In West African countries, the disaster profile is characterised by extreme hydro-me ...
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF MONTSERRAT
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF MONTSERRAT

... adaptive capacity must, therefore, be an urgent priority. Third, decisions taken today by transport professionals about the location of infrastructure help to shape development patterns far beyond the transport planning horizon of 20-30 years. Similarly, decisions about land use, zoning and developm ...
Changing times, changing stories: generational differences in
Changing times, changing stories: generational differences in

... change is equally important because culture shapes the way that a community interacts with and the relationship a community has with its environment, which influences the ways social groups interpret and respond to risk (Beck 2009, Adger et al. 2013). Individual perceptions of the environment and cl ...
Climate controls on marine ecosystems and fish populations
Climate controls on marine ecosystems and fish populations

... ecosystem responses to climate change. Our analysis of observations and model results for the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans concludes that most climate variability is accounted for by the combination of intermittent 1–2 year duration events, e.g. the cumulative effect of monthly weather anomalies or th ...
97% Consensus? No! Global Warming Math
97% Consensus? No! Global Warming Math

... (high confidence). Further uptake of carbon by the ocean will increase ocean acidification.” vi vii However, these statements do not describe what human influence. Despite claiming certainty and high confidence, in fact a number of elements affect climate change. These are rarely discussed with the ...
Quantifying surface albedo and other direct biogeophysical climate
Quantifying surface albedo and other direct biogeophysical climate

... By altering fluxes of heat, momentum, and moisture exchanges between the land surface and atmosphere, forestry and other land-use activities affect climate. Although long recognized scientifically as being important, these so-called biogeophysical forcings are rarely included in climate policies for ...
Historical and future quantification of terrestrial carbon
Historical and future quantification of terrestrial carbon

... of such events. In LPJ-GUESS, large stand-clearing forest fires, as the globally most important form of natural disturbance (Sitch et al., 2003), are modeled prognostically following Thonicke et al. (2001). Other forms of natural disturbance, such as insect outbreaks and wind-throw are represented as ...
ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE: THE
ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE: THE

... In the context of those four case studies, the link and the interdependence between cities and parks, humans and nature seem obvious. However, parks and cities management are often independent activities which are not without tensions or conflicts, given the diversity of actors and their interests. ...
The Norwegian Earth System Model, NorESM1
The Norwegian Earth System Model, NorESM1

... indications of more frequent occurrence of spring and summer blocking in the Euro-Atlantic sector, while the amplitude of ENSO events weakens although they tend to appear more frequently. These indications are uncertain because of biases in the model’s representation of present-day conditions. Posit ...
Public health and climate change in the Republic of Kiribati
Public health and climate change in the Republic of Kiribati

... narrow strips of coral atolls rising no more than 2 meters above sea level. Global warming, climate change and rising sea levels seriously threaten the basis of our existence and we sometimes feel that our days are numbered (Tito, 2000:2). Four years later, Kribati’s then President Anote Tong, conti ...
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Economics of global warming

There are a number of policies that governments might consider in response to global warming. The assessment of such policies involves the economics of global warming.Global warming is a long-term problem. One of the most important greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide. Around 20% of carbon dioxide which is emitted due to human activities can remain in the atmosphere for many thousands of years. The long time scales and uncertainty associated with global warming have led analysts to develop ""scenarios"" of future environmental, social and economic changes. These scenarios can help governments understand the potential consequences of their decisions.The impacts of climate change include the loss of biodiversity, sea level rise, increased frequency and severity of some extreme weather events, and acidification of the oceans. Economists have attempted to quantify these impacts in monetary terms, but these assessments can be controversial.The two main policy responses to global warming are to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and to adapt to the impacts of global warming (e.g., by building levees in response to sea level rise). Another policy response which has recently received greater attention is geoengineering of the climate system (e.g. injecting aerosols into the atmosphere to reflect sunlight away from the Earth's surface).One of the responses to the uncertainties of global warming is to adopt a strategy of sequential decision making. This strategy recognizes that decisions on global warming need to be made with incomplete information, and that decisions in the near term will have potentially long-term impacts. Governments might choose to use risk management as part of their policy response to global warming. For instance, a risk-based approach can be applied to climate impacts which are difficult to quantify in economic terms, e.g., the impacts of global warming on indigenous peoples.Analysts have assessed global warming in relation to sustainable development. Sustainable development considers how future generations might be affected by the actions of the current generation. In some areas, policies designed to address global warming may contribute positively towards other development objectives. In other areas, the cost of global warming policies may divert resources away from other socially and environmentally beneficial investments (the opportunity costs of climate change policy).
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