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explaining extreme events of 2013
explaining extreme events of 2013

... greatly increased the risk for the extreme heat waves assessed in this report. How human influence affected other types of events such as droughts, heavy rain events, and storms was less clear, indicating that natural variability likely played a much larger role in these extremes. Multiple groups ch ...
Explaining Extreme Events of 2013 from a Climate
Explaining Extreme Events of 2013 from a Climate

... ABSTRACT—Stephanie C. Herring, Martin P. Hoerling, Thomas C. Peterson, and Peter A. Stott Attribution of extreme events is a challenging science and one that is currently undergoing considerable evolution. In this paper, 20 different research groups explored the causes of 16 different events that o ...
A Critical Study of the Literature about Deforestation in the Brazilian
A Critical Study of the Literature about Deforestation in the Brazilian

... The need for the study undertaken in this honors thesis is rooted in the idea that the open and free debate of ideas is important to the workings of a democracy and important to the testing of the truth of ideas. The prevailing theory of truth in contemporary American culture seems to be the concept ...
Stern Review: The Economics of Climate Change
Stern Review: The Economics of Climate Change

... Costs could be even lower than that if there are major gains in efficiency, or if the strong co-benefits, for example from reduced air pollution, are measured. Costs will be higher if innovation in low-carbon technologies is slower than expected, or if policy-makers fail to make the most of economic ...
Playing the Climate Dominoes: Tipping Points and the Cost of
Playing the Climate Dominoes: Tipping Points and the Cost of

... We integrate three tipping points into the DICE integrated assessment model [14, 15]. DICE combines an economic growth model with a simplified climate module (Schematic 1, left). The policymaker decides how to allocate output between consumption, investment in capital, and emission reductions. Unaba ...
Climate change, crop yields, and internal migration in the United
Climate change, crop yields, and internal migration in the United

... what Hornbeck (2009) observed for “Dust Bowl” migrants. To shed further light on this issue we examine the responsiveness of overall employment to crop yields using state-level data for the period of 1970-2009. Consistent with the literature on the “DustBowl,” we find that weather-induced yield shoc ...
Assessing Climate Change Impacts, Sea Level Rise and Storm
Assessing Climate Change Impacts, Sea Level Rise and Storm

... 25 cm of mean sea level rise (SLR) total losses caused by a future 120-yr event would rise from EUR 3 billion to EUR 4 billion, to EUR 5 billion with 50 cm of mean SLR, and to almost EUR 8 billion with 100 cm of SLR. As extreme sea level events (referred to as “storm surge events”) are not particula ...
ENSO and greenhouse warming
ENSO and greenhouse warming

... The frequency of extreme La Niña is also expected to increase in response to more extreme El Niños, an accelerated maritime continent warming and surface-intensified ocean warming. ENSO-related catastrophic weather events are thus likely to occur more frequently with unabated greenhouse-gas emission ...
colorado climate plan
colorado climate plan

... experts concerning energy efficiency technologies, markets, and practices involving electric utility end-users. In this role, Colorado Energy Office will convene one or more forums over the next year to engage stakeholders and ensure energy efficiency options best fit within a compliance plan for the state ...
Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change - EEG, TU-Wien
Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change - EEG, TU-Wien

... In 1990 carbon dioxide levels were 354 parts per million – now they are at around 377 parts per million and still rising. Since 1990 global temperatures have increased by about 0.2°C and the ten warmest years in the global record have occurred. Absolute temperature records for the UK were broken in ...
Click here to download.
Click here to download.

... seasonality shifts, where September is getting warmer and wetter and, most recently, temperatures during 2005-2007 were outside the normal, expected range of variability. The regulatory system lacks the flexibility needed to provide local hunters with sufficient opportunity to harvest moose. This co ...
On the Current and Future Dry Spell Characteristics over Africa
On the Current and Future Dry Spell Characteristics over Africa

... According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) [1], Africa is one of the most vulnerable continents to climate change and climate variability. Global Climate Models (GCMs) participating in IPCC’s fourth Assessment Report suggest warmer temperatures, in the range of 2–7 °C for Afri ...
Young Voices in Research for Health 2008: Climate
Young Voices in Research for Health 2008: Climate

... for health to participate in the Young Voices essay competition. This year, young professionals were asked to share their concerns about climate change and health and to invigorate the research for health community with fresh perspectives and idealistic visions regarding research challenges for vuln ...
The Implications of Global Climate Change for Mountain Gorilla
The Implications of Global Climate Change for Mountain Gorilla

... conservation will depend on the extent to which the effects of climate change are integrated into planning and management. Projected climate change effects can only be estimates based on the best available science, and as a result, taking action may seem like a risky enterprise. However, it is possi ...
managing risks and increasing resilience
managing risks and increasing resilience

... more efficiently, understand environmental trade-offs, and communicate better with Londoners, enabling them to make better informed and sustainable choices in how they live and work. This is already happening through the explosion of social media and digital applications that encourage behaviour cha ...
Contributions received (68)
Contributions received (68)

... e. The indigenous people may be the one of the most vulnerable groups due to their socioeconomic institutions. Except the point of wild harvested food, the report has given little attention on the problem of indigenous people. The vulnerability of the group has been increased many times higher by th ...
Impacts of deforestation on weather PATTERNs and agriculture
Impacts of deforestation on weather PATTERNs and agriculture

... expected to impact agriculture and crop harvests, with an approximate 10% reduction in crop yields for a 1°C rise in temperature (Lobell et al., 2011). Other potential impacts include poor air quality and the spread of diseases. In Southeast Asia, smoke from fires associated with deforestation, part ...
Climate Change Adaptation Guidelines in Coastal Management and
Climate Change Adaptation Guidelines in Coastal Management and

... frequently cannot be delayed until new science, research or understanding is available. However, such decisions made now may determine how a particular part of the coastal zone is used for many years into the future, at a time when the local climate extremes and concomitant hazard to that developmen ...
Chapter 30: The Ocean
Chapter 30: The Ocean

... Recent changes to wind and ocean mixing within the highly productive HLSBS, EBUE, and EUS are likely to influence energy transfer to higher trophic levels and microbial processes. There is, however, limited evidence and low agreement on the direction and magnitude of these changes and their relation ...
PDF
PDF

... an unsatisfactory equilibrium concept because it is based on an assumption that is patently false, namely that the current generation can commit future generations to a specific course of action. (Another view is that restricted ...
Drought in the Sahel - Lund University Publications
Drought in the Sahel - Lund University Publications

... scientific agreement that the main driver of drought are changes in the sea surface temperatures (SSTs) of the tropical oceans. However, land surface-atmosphere feedbacks play a significant role in controlling the SST forcing on a local scale. Adding to that, anthropogenic climate change in the form ...
Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration
Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration

... from climate change grows with every year of inaction on emissions control, there remains a lack of information on these ways of potentially intervening in the climate system. In 2012 the U.S. government, including several of the science agencies, asked the National Academy of Sciences to provide ad ...
Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: Central America
Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: Central America

... abundantly, from the Pacific coast, where the year is split into a dry and wet season (CCAD and SICA, 2010). In Mexico, rainfall is lower in its temperate northern regions (SEMARNAT, 2010). Inter-annual climate variability is highly influenced by movement of the ITCZ and the El Niño Southern Oscilla ...
IPCC WGII AR5 Chapter 6 FIRST-‐ORDER DRAFT Expert Review
IPCC WGII AR5 Chapter 6 FIRST-‐ORDER DRAFT Expert Review

... redundancy  across  the  sections.  Certain  topics  are  bought  up  at  two  or  more  points  and  I  found  there  to  be  too  much  duplication  in   these  presentations.  Another  problem  related  to  the  redundancy  issue   ...
The Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture, Land Resources,
The Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture, Land Resources,

... to 2100 have become the de facto standard, as in the assessment reports produced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). This report has benefited greatly from such literature, but our main focus is on the recent past and the nearer-term future – the next 25 to 50 years. This period ...
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Economics of global warming

There are a number of policies that governments might consider in response to global warming. The assessment of such policies involves the economics of global warming.Global warming is a long-term problem. One of the most important greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide. Around 20% of carbon dioxide which is emitted due to human activities can remain in the atmosphere for many thousands of years. The long time scales and uncertainty associated with global warming have led analysts to develop ""scenarios"" of future environmental, social and economic changes. These scenarios can help governments understand the potential consequences of their decisions.The impacts of climate change include the loss of biodiversity, sea level rise, increased frequency and severity of some extreme weather events, and acidification of the oceans. Economists have attempted to quantify these impacts in monetary terms, but these assessments can be controversial.The two main policy responses to global warming are to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and to adapt to the impacts of global warming (e.g., by building levees in response to sea level rise). Another policy response which has recently received greater attention is geoengineering of the climate system (e.g. injecting aerosols into the atmosphere to reflect sunlight away from the Earth's surface).One of the responses to the uncertainties of global warming is to adopt a strategy of sequential decision making. This strategy recognizes that decisions on global warming need to be made with incomplete information, and that decisions in the near term will have potentially long-term impacts. Governments might choose to use risk management as part of their policy response to global warming. For instance, a risk-based approach can be applied to climate impacts which are difficult to quantify in economic terms, e.g., the impacts of global warming on indigenous peoples.Analysts have assessed global warming in relation to sustainable development. Sustainable development considers how future generations might be affected by the actions of the current generation. In some areas, policies designed to address global warming may contribute positively towards other development objectives. In other areas, the cost of global warming policies may divert resources away from other socially and environmentally beneficial investments (the opportunity costs of climate change policy).
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