Common Concern and Global Public Goods: Evidence, Bits and
... Research for this paper was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation under a grant to the National Centre of Competence in Research on Trade Regulation, based at the World Trade Institute of the University of Bern, Switzerland. ...
... Research for this paper was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation under a grant to the National Centre of Competence in Research on Trade Regulation, based at the World Trade Institute of the University of Bern, Switzerland. ...
i4332e03
... estimates the local and global levels is clear, there is little consensus on the size and scope of such estimates due to definitional and measurement difficulties (IPCC, 2014). The few existing global estimates of adaptation cost suffer from a general lack of empirical grounding at the local scale, ...
... estimates the local and global levels is clear, there is little consensus on the size and scope of such estimates due to definitional and measurement difficulties (IPCC, 2014). The few existing global estimates of adaptation cost suffer from a general lack of empirical grounding at the local scale, ...
Climate Change Impact Assessment 2010
... temperatures, and northern circulation patterns more closely correlated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). This interaction is more complex than climate drivers in the north or south of the country. Note, also, that ...
... temperatures, and northern circulation patterns more closely correlated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). This interaction is more complex than climate drivers in the north or south of the country. Note, also, that ...
The evolution of, and revolution in, land surface schemes designed
... where ci is the CO2 concentration within the leaf and ca is the ambient CO2 concentration. This expression takes into account the resistance to the transfer of CO2 from the atmosphere, through the stomates to the chloroplast, the stomatal resistance rst . Note that rst is not identical to, but is re ...
... where ci is the CO2 concentration within the leaf and ca is the ambient CO2 concentration. This expression takes into account the resistance to the transfer of CO2 from the atmosphere, through the stomates to the chloroplast, the stomatal resistance rst . Note that rst is not identical to, but is re ...
Climate Change, Migration, and Conflict
... Introduction and summary The costs and consequences of climate change on our world will define the 21st century. Even if nations across our planet were to take immediate steps to rein in carbon emissions—an unlikely prospect—a warmer climate is inevitable. As the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Cl ...
... Introduction and summary The costs and consequences of climate change on our world will define the 21st century. Even if nations across our planet were to take immediate steps to rein in carbon emissions—an unlikely prospect—a warmer climate is inevitable. As the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Cl ...
climate change, sea-level rise and extreme events
... 2001). The darker green shading indicates the range in projected sea-level rise under different greenhouse gas emissions scenarios averaged across several global climate models, whilst the broader pale green shading shows the range of projected sea-level rise across all models and emissions scenario ...
... 2001). The darker green shading indicates the range in projected sea-level rise under different greenhouse gas emissions scenarios averaged across several global climate models, whilst the broader pale green shading shows the range of projected sea-level rise across all models and emissions scenario ...
Sea-level rise and climate change
... Regional sea-level rise projections have been prepared for Australia and show that the extent of rise is likely to be similar around the nation, with only small differences existing between locations for different time frames and emissions scenarios. ...
... Regional sea-level rise projections have been prepared for Australia and show that the extent of rise is likely to be similar around the nation, with only small differences existing between locations for different time frames and emissions scenarios. ...
Consequences of elevated temperature on prairie plants: legumes, nitrogen, and phenology
... remaining (Samson and Knopf 1994, Piper et al. 2007). A greater understanding of the potential consequences of climate change for these ecosystems will be critical to future restoration efforts. Like many terrestrial ecosystems, prairies are often nitrogen (N) limited, (LeBauer and Treseder 2008, Cr ...
... remaining (Samson and Knopf 1994, Piper et al. 2007). A greater understanding of the potential consequences of climate change for these ecosystems will be critical to future restoration efforts. Like many terrestrial ecosystems, prairies are often nitrogen (N) limited, (LeBauer and Treseder 2008, Cr ...
PRACTICE TEST 13
... effect, by which the heat of the sun is trapped. This leads to the warming up of the planet. Politicians are also concerned about climate change and there are now regular summits on the subject, attended by representatives from around 180 of the world’s industrialized countries. Of these summits, th ...
... effect, by which the heat of the sun is trapped. This leads to the warming up of the planet. Politicians are also concerned about climate change and there are now regular summits on the subject, attended by representatives from around 180 of the world’s industrialized countries. Of these summits, th ...
Prospect Theory, Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change
... responses is similar to the decision types analysed by the PT authors. Indeed, many of the climate responses discussed in the following sections are individual decisions. Secondly and more fundamentally, it is a debatable question in how far collective decisions follow normatively consistent and soc ...
... responses is similar to the decision types analysed by the PT authors. Indeed, many of the climate responses discussed in the following sections are individual decisions. Secondly and more fundamentally, it is a debatable question in how far collective decisions follow normatively consistent and soc ...
Marine Science - Archimer
... trend of increasing temperature is the result of the anthropogenic input of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere: the global warming/climate change signal (Bindoff et al., 2007). Temperatures over the land have warmed at a faster rate than those in the ocean, because of the thermal inertia of the oc ...
... trend of increasing temperature is the result of the anthropogenic input of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere: the global warming/climate change signal (Bindoff et al., 2007). Temperatures over the land have warmed at a faster rate than those in the ocean, because of the thermal inertia of the oc ...
Towards indicators for resilient architecture and infrastructure
... Climate change adaptation, mitigation and sustainability converge in the design and management of the built environment. Sustainability is a concept that has existed since before the report Our Common Future brought the phrase “sustainable development” into common vernacular (WCED, 1987). While ther ...
... Climate change adaptation, mitigation and sustainability converge in the design and management of the built environment. Sustainability is a concept that has existed since before the report Our Common Future brought the phrase “sustainable development” into common vernacular (WCED, 1987). While ther ...
Climate Change in the Wet Tropics
... report summarises the latest available scientific information about expected changes in the forests as they respond to climate change. It identifies current management actions being taken in response to climate change and identifies opportunities for further action at a regional scale. ...
... report summarises the latest available scientific information about expected changes in the forests as they respond to climate change. It identifies current management actions being taken in response to climate change and identifies opportunities for further action at a regional scale. ...
CLIMATE CHANGE 2014 SYNTHESIS REPORT Longer report
... magnitude of the consequences if these events occur. Therefore, high risk can result not only from high probability outcomes, but also from low probability outcomes with very severe consequences. This makes it important to assess the full range of possible outcomes, from low probability 'tail outcom ...
... magnitude of the consequences if these events occur. Therefore, high risk can result not only from high probability outcomes, but also from low probability outcomes with very severe consequences. This makes it important to assess the full range of possible outcomes, from low probability 'tail outcom ...
Communicating climate change – Learning from business
... As individuals ”do not have a set of socially accepted beliefs on climate change” (Hoffman 2012: 32), any attempt to understand and interpret climate change knowledge requires a thorough ”political, economic, social, and legal debate over values and beliefs” through which social consensus emerges (H ...
... As individuals ”do not have a set of socially accepted beliefs on climate change” (Hoffman 2012: 32), any attempt to understand and interpret climate change knowledge requires a thorough ”political, economic, social, and legal debate over values and beliefs” through which social consensus emerges (H ...
The tipping point trend in climate change communication
... enough, and we often get more than we bargain for in using metaphor. In 2002, Carl Wunsch found seven different inconsistent definitions of ‘‘thermohaline circulation,’’ a proliferation that was perhaps partly the result of an overextended analogy (p. 1179). The situation with respect to tipping poin ...
... enough, and we often get more than we bargain for in using metaphor. In 2002, Carl Wunsch found seven different inconsistent definitions of ‘‘thermohaline circulation,’’ a proliferation that was perhaps partly the result of an overextended analogy (p. 1179). The situation with respect to tipping poin ...
NPS SWAN report - UAF SNAP - University of Alaska Fairbanks
... necessary. Scenario planning is an educational process that helps park employees and others to understand climate trends; anticipate future changes that may affect resources, assets, and operations in parks and surrounding areas; and to help identify a range of possible climate change response strat ...
... necessary. Scenario planning is an educational process that helps park employees and others to understand climate trends; anticipate future changes that may affect resources, assets, and operations in parks and surrounding areas; and to help identify a range of possible climate change response strat ...
13372001
... There is near undisputed scientific consensus that the rising atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases owing to human activities will cause warming (and other climatic changes) at Earth’s surface. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) revealed an increase in world average tempera ...
... There is near undisputed scientific consensus that the rising atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases owing to human activities will cause warming (and other climatic changes) at Earth’s surface. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) revealed an increase in world average tempera ...
Technical Summary - Climate Change 2013
... of Working Group I (WGI) to the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). This comprehensive assessment of the physical aspects of climate change puts a focus on those elements that are relevant to understand past, document current and project future clim ...
... of Working Group I (WGI) to the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). This comprehensive assessment of the physical aspects of climate change puts a focus on those elements that are relevant to understand past, document current and project future clim ...
The Montreal Protocol Protection of Ozone and Climate
... surface and leads to changes in other climate parameters, such as precipitation. This change in earth’s radiative balance caused by human activities is called a radiative forcing of climate and is generally evaluated at or near the top of the atmosphere using units of Watts per square meter (W/m2). ...
... surface and leads to changes in other climate parameters, such as precipitation. This change in earth’s radiative balance caused by human activities is called a radiative forcing of climate and is generally evaluated at or near the top of the atmosphere using units of Watts per square meter (W/m2). ...
Managing Coastal Vulnerability under Climate Change
... (31). One of the direct consequences is the reduction in the extent and duration of near-shore seaice coverage in polar and subpolar regions. This is already occurring, leading to increased wave exposure of shorelines and substantial changes in sea-ice-dependent ecosystems (32, 33), including shift ...
... (31). One of the direct consequences is the reduction in the extent and duration of near-shore seaice coverage in polar and subpolar regions. This is already occurring, leading to increased wave exposure of shorelines and substantial changes in sea-ice-dependent ecosystems (32, 33), including shift ...
Global warming controversy
The global warming controversy concerns the public debate over whether global warming is occurring, how much has occurred in modern times, what has caused it, what its effects will be, whether any action should be taken to curb it, and if so what that action should be. In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused primarily by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. No scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with this view, though a few organizations with members in extractive industries hold non-committal positions. Disputes over the key scientific facts of global warming are now more prevalent in the popular media than in the scientific literature, where such issues are treated as resolved, and more in the United States than globally.Political and popular debate concerning the existence and cause of climate change includes the reasons for the increase seen in the instrumental temperature record, whether the warming trend exceeds normal climatic variations, and whether human activities have contributed significantly to it. Scientists have resolved many of these questions decisively in favour of the view that the current warming trend exists and is ongoing, that human activity is the primary cause, and that it is without precedent in at least 2000 years. Disputes that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases (climate sensitivity), and what the consequences of global warming will be.Global warming remains an issue of widespread political debate, often split along party political lines, especially in the United States. Many of the largely settled scientific issues, such as the human responsibility for global warming, remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay, dismiss or deny them – an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial. The sources of funding for those involved with climate science – both supporting and opposing mainstream scientific positions – have been questioned by both sides. There are debates about the best policy responses to the science, their cost-effectiveness and their urgency. Climate scientists, especially in the United States, have reported official and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data, with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications. Legal cases regarding global warming, its effects, and measures to reduce it have reached American courts. The fossil fuels lobby and free market think tanks have often been identified as overtly or covertly supporting efforts to undermine or discredit the scientific consensus on global warming.