CH102 Practice exam 2
... ____ 13.The carboxyl group found in carboxylic acids must be on a terminal carbon, like the carbonyl of an aldehyde ____ 14.Carboxylic acids have the functional groups found in both aldehyde / ketones and alcohols. ____ 15.Pure liquid carboxylic acids are strongly hydrogen bonded. ____ 16.Butyric ac ...
... ____ 13.The carboxyl group found in carboxylic acids must be on a terminal carbon, like the carbonyl of an aldehyde ____ 14.Carboxylic acids have the functional groups found in both aldehyde / ketones and alcohols. ____ 15.Pure liquid carboxylic acids are strongly hydrogen bonded. ____ 16.Butyric ac ...
Electophilic Aromatic Substituion
... • Sulfonic acids are useful as intermediates • Heating with NaOH at 300 ºC followed by neutralization with acid replaces the SO3H group with an OH • Example is the synthesis of p-cresol ...
... • Sulfonic acids are useful as intermediates • Heating with NaOH at 300 ºC followed by neutralization with acid replaces the SO3H group with an OH • Example is the synthesis of p-cresol ...
http://www.twitter.com/chem442bausch - SIU
... The molecule isopropylbenzene contains how many carbon atoms that are bonded to exactly one hydrogen atom? (a) 4; (b) 5; (c) 6; (d) 7 (p 85, C-15) Which of the following cycloalkanes suffers from the most torsional strain? Worded differently, which has the most significant eclipsing interactions? (a ...
... The molecule isopropylbenzene contains how many carbon atoms that are bonded to exactly one hydrogen atom? (a) 4; (b) 5; (c) 6; (d) 7 (p 85, C-15) Which of the following cycloalkanes suffers from the most torsional strain? Worded differently, which has the most significant eclipsing interactions? (a ...
Chapter 19 Summary - McGraw Hill Higher Education
... Protonation of the carbonyl oxygen activates the carbonyl group toward nucleophilic addition. Addition of an alcohol gives a tetrahedral intermediate (shown in the box in the preceding equation), which has the capacity to revert to starting materials or to undergo dehydration to yield an ester. Sect ...
... Protonation of the carbonyl oxygen activates the carbonyl group toward nucleophilic addition. Addition of an alcohol gives a tetrahedral intermediate (shown in the box in the preceding equation), which has the capacity to revert to starting materials or to undergo dehydration to yield an ester. Sect ...
Slide 1
... HCl is produced in every reaction! • Acyl chloride + H2O → Carboxylic acid + HCl • Nucleophilic substitution • Acyl chloride + alcohol → ester + HCl • Condensation • Doesn’t require heat/catalyst so preferred method for making ester • Remember crocodile is an alcoholic!!!! • Acyl chloride + NH3(alc) ...
... HCl is produced in every reaction! • Acyl chloride + H2O → Carboxylic acid + HCl • Nucleophilic substitution • Acyl chloride + alcohol → ester + HCl • Condensation • Doesn’t require heat/catalyst so preferred method for making ester • Remember crocodile is an alcoholic!!!! • Acyl chloride + NH3(alc) ...
Carbohydrates
... 3. Epimers: Sugars that differ at just one carbon 4. Anomers: Sugars that differ at just C-1 5. Cyclic Structure: Equilbrium favors Hemiacetal (via intramolecular rxn) over open form (Section 23-6) a. Pyranose: Six membered cyclic hemiacetal b. Furanose: Five membered cyclic hemiacetal 6. Haworth pr ...
... 3. Epimers: Sugars that differ at just one carbon 4. Anomers: Sugars that differ at just C-1 5. Cyclic Structure: Equilbrium favors Hemiacetal (via intramolecular rxn) over open form (Section 23-6) a. Pyranose: Six membered cyclic hemiacetal b. Furanose: Five membered cyclic hemiacetal 6. Haworth pr ...
carboxylic acid - Career Launcher
... reactive, amides are least) The intermediate with the best leaving group decomposes fastest ...
... reactive, amides are least) The intermediate with the best leaving group decomposes fastest ...
rev2
... b. Reduction with H2/Pt, sodium borohydride (NaBH4 )or lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) or NAD+- aldehydes reduce to primary alcohols and ketones to secondary alcohols. c. Hemiacetal and full acetal formation- aldehydes and ketones react with alcohols in the presence of an acid to form hemiacetals ...
... b. Reduction with H2/Pt, sodium borohydride (NaBH4 )or lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) or NAD+- aldehydes reduce to primary alcohols and ketones to secondary alcohols. c. Hemiacetal and full acetal formation- aldehydes and ketones react with alcohols in the presence of an acid to form hemiacetals ...
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... Aldehydes and ketones react with a wide variety of compounds. In general, however, aldehydes are more reactive than ketones. Chemists have taken advantage of the easewith which an aldehyde can be oxidized to develop severalvisual tests for their detection. The most widely used tests for aldehyde det ...
... Aldehydes and ketones react with a wide variety of compounds. In general, however, aldehydes are more reactive than ketones. Chemists have taken advantage of the easewith which an aldehyde can be oxidized to develop severalvisual tests for their detection. The most widely used tests for aldehyde det ...
ORGANIC CONVERSION---(2 to 3 marks)
... (b) Hydration of propene in the presence of dilute sulphuric acid. (c) Reaction of propanone with methylmagnesium bromide followed by hydrolysis. # Give equations of the following reactions: (i) Oxidation of propan-1-ol with alkaline KMnO4 solution. (ii) Bromine in CS2 with phenol. (iii) Dilute HNO ...
... (b) Hydration of propene in the presence of dilute sulphuric acid. (c) Reaction of propanone with methylmagnesium bromide followed by hydrolysis. # Give equations of the following reactions: (i) Oxidation of propan-1-ol with alkaline KMnO4 solution. (ii) Bromine in CS2 with phenol. (iii) Dilute HNO ...
Oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes
... • Using a process known as REFLUX, the reaction contents are continually heated at their boiling point temperature, so HOTTER and LONGER heating then alcohol conversion to an aldehyde • Still uses acidified potassium dichromate Primary + Oxidising Carboxylic + water alcohol agent acid ...
... • Using a process known as REFLUX, the reaction contents are continually heated at their boiling point temperature, so HOTTER and LONGER heating then alcohol conversion to an aldehyde • Still uses acidified potassium dichromate Primary + Oxidising Carboxylic + water alcohol agent acid ...
Organic Chemistry-II
... ketones so formed to give tert alcohols. On the other hand Grignard reagent being more reactive not only reacts with acid chloride but also with the ketones so formed to give tert alcohols Q4. (a) Account for the given statement. During the preparation of ammonia derivatives from aldehydes or ketone ...
... ketones so formed to give tert alcohols. On the other hand Grignard reagent being more reactive not only reacts with acid chloride but also with the ketones so formed to give tert alcohols Q4. (a) Account for the given statement. During the preparation of ammonia derivatives from aldehydes or ketone ...
Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution
... Amides result from the reaction of acid chlorides with NH3, primary (RNH2) and secondary amines (R2NH) The reaction with tertiary amines (R3N) gives an unstable species that cannot be isolated HCl is neutralized by the amine or an added base ...
... Amides result from the reaction of acid chlorides with NH3, primary (RNH2) and secondary amines (R2NH) The reaction with tertiary amines (R3N) gives an unstable species that cannot be isolated HCl is neutralized by the amine or an added base ...
Chapter 10 Outline: Alcohols
... Alcohol Reactions. Provide correct organic product(s) and the mechanism for the following reactions. If stereochemistry pertains, ensure it is clearly demonstrated. If there is more than one product, then circle the major product. OH H3PO4, heat ...
... Alcohol Reactions. Provide correct organic product(s) and the mechanism for the following reactions. If stereochemistry pertains, ensure it is clearly demonstrated. If there is more than one product, then circle the major product. OH H3PO4, heat ...
Chabot College
... reactions involving hydrocarbons, alkyl halides, alcohols and ethers; 3. explain physical and chemical properties of groups studied based on structural analysis; 4. use spectroscopic data from infrared spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic spectroscopy to elucidate structures for organic compounds; 5. i ...
... reactions involving hydrocarbons, alkyl halides, alcohols and ethers; 3. explain physical and chemical properties of groups studied based on structural analysis; 4. use spectroscopic data from infrared spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic spectroscopy to elucidate structures for organic compounds; 5. i ...
PowerPoint Presentation - Chapter 1
... Select the major organic product when (S)-2propanol is reacted with SOCl2 in pyridine followed by the addition of NaSH in ethanol. A) ...
... Select the major organic product when (S)-2propanol is reacted with SOCl2 in pyridine followed by the addition of NaSH in ethanol. A) ...
O R` R
... • Class I: Undergo nucleophilic acyl substituion. Includes carboxylic acid derivatives – (last chapter). • Class II: Do NOT contain a group that can be replaced by a nucleophile – (this chapter). O ...
... • Class I: Undergo nucleophilic acyl substituion. Includes carboxylic acid derivatives – (last chapter). • Class II: Do NOT contain a group that can be replaced by a nucleophile – (this chapter). O ...
Carbonyl Compounds Prior Knowledge
... be able to apply IUPAC rules for nomenclature to alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids limited to chains with up to 6 carbon atoms understand that alcohols can be classified as primary, secondary or tertiary understand that tertiary alcohols are not easily oxidised understand that primar ...
... be able to apply IUPAC rules for nomenclature to alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids limited to chains with up to 6 carbon atoms understand that alcohols can be classified as primary, secondary or tertiary understand that tertiary alcohols are not easily oxidised understand that primar ...
Organic Chemistry
... • A useful alkene methathesis catalyst consists of ruthenium, Ru, complexed with nucleophilic carbenes and another carbenoid ligand. • In this example, the other carbenoid ligand is a ...
... • A useful alkene methathesis catalyst consists of ruthenium, Ru, complexed with nucleophilic carbenes and another carbenoid ligand. • In this example, the other carbenoid ligand is a ...
INTRODUCING ACYL CHLORIDES (acid
... However, it doesn't form hydrogen bonds. Its boiling point is therefore higher than, say, an alkane of similar size (which has no permanent dipoles), but not as high as a similarly sized alcohol (which forms hydrogen bonds in addition to everything ...
... However, it doesn't form hydrogen bonds. Its boiling point is therefore higher than, say, an alkane of similar size (which has no permanent dipoles), but not as high as a similarly sized alcohol (which forms hydrogen bonds in addition to everything ...
Identification of Ketones and Aldehydes
... In the case of ketones there are two carbon atoms bonded to the carbonyl carbon and no hydrogens. In the case of aldehydes there is at least one hydrogen bonded to the carbonyl carbon, the other attachment may be to a carbon or a hydrogen. In all cases the carbon(s) that are attached to the carbonyl ...
... In the case of ketones there are two carbon atoms bonded to the carbonyl carbon and no hydrogens. In the case of aldehydes there is at least one hydrogen bonded to the carbonyl carbon, the other attachment may be to a carbon or a hydrogen. In all cases the carbon(s) that are attached to the carbonyl ...
practice test
... Outline a chemical test that you could do to determine which compound you have. Be sure to include the reaction conditions, what you would expect to observe qualitatively from each of the two possible compounds and the structural formulas and names of any reactants and products.(6 ...
... Outline a chemical test that you could do to determine which compound you have. Be sure to include the reaction conditions, what you would expect to observe qualitatively from each of the two possible compounds and the structural formulas and names of any reactants and products.(6 ...
Ethers and Epoxides - Delaware State University
... An ether has two organic groups (alkyl, aryl, or vinyl) bonded to the same oxygen atom, R–O–R Diethyl ether is used industrially as a solvent Tetrahydrofuran (THF) is a solvent that is a cyclic ether Thiols (R–S–H) and sulfides (R–S–R) are sulfur (for oxygen) analogues of alcohols and ethers ...
... An ether has two organic groups (alkyl, aryl, or vinyl) bonded to the same oxygen atom, R–O–R Diethyl ether is used industrially as a solvent Tetrahydrofuran (THF) is a solvent that is a cyclic ether Thiols (R–S–H) and sulfides (R–S–R) are sulfur (for oxygen) analogues of alcohols and ethers ...
Chapter 20 reactions of carbonyls
... • Since both Li and Mg are very electropositive metals, organolithium (RLi) and organomagnesium (RMgX) reagents contain very polar carbon-metal bonds and are therefore very reactive reagents. • Organomagnesium reagents are called Grignard reagents. • Organocopper reagents (R2CuLi), also called organ ...
... • Since both Li and Mg are very electropositive metals, organolithium (RLi) and organomagnesium (RMgX) reagents contain very polar carbon-metal bonds and are therefore very reactive reagents. • Organomagnesium reagents are called Grignard reagents. • Organocopper reagents (R2CuLi), also called organ ...
Wolff rearrangement
The Wolff rearrangement is a reaction in organic chemistry in which an α-diazocarbonyl compound is converted into a ketene by loss of dinitrogen with accompanying 1,2-rearrangement. The Wolff rearrangement yields a ketene as an intermediate product, which can undergo nucleophilic attack with weakly acidic nucleophiles such as water, alcohols, and amines, to generate carboxylic acid derivatives or undergo [2+2] cycloaddition reactions to form four-membered rings. The mechanism of the Wolff rearrangement has been the subject of debate since its first use. No single mechanism sufficiently describes the reaction, and there are often competing concerted and carbene-mediated pathways; for simplicity, only the textbook, concerted mechanism is shown below. The reaction was discovered by Ludwig Wolff in 1902. The Wolff rearrangement has great synthetic utility due to the accessibility of α-diazocarbonyl compounds, variety of reactions from the ketene intermediate, and stereochemical retention of the migrating group. However, the Wolff rearrangement has limitations due to the highly reactive nature of α-diazocarbonyl compounds, which can undergo a variety of competing reactions.The Wolff rearrangement can be induced via thermolysis, photolysis, or transition metal catalysis. In this last case, the reaction is sensitive to the transition metal; silver (I) oxide or other Ag(I) catalysts work well and are generally used. The Wolff rearrangement has been used in many total syntheses; the most common use is trapping the ketene intermediate with nucleophiles to form carboxylic acid derivatives. The Arndt-Eistert homologation is a specific example of this use, wherein a carboxylic acid may be elongated by a methylene unit. Another common use is in ring-contraction methods; if the α-diazo ketone is cyclic, the Wolff rearrangement results in a ring-contracted product. The Wolff rearrangement works well in generating ring-strained systems, where other reactions may fail.