The Aldol Condensation Preparation of 4
... The lesser driving force of the aldol reaction of ketones is due to the greater stability of a ketone than an aldehyde. As a result, the aldol addition of ketones is endothermic. To drive the reaction forward, you can extract the product continuously from the reaction mixture as it is formed. Altern ...
... The lesser driving force of the aldol reaction of ketones is due to the greater stability of a ketone than an aldehyde. As a result, the aldol addition of ketones is endothermic. To drive the reaction forward, you can extract the product continuously from the reaction mixture as it is formed. Altern ...
Chapter 21 aldehydes and ketones
... • Like gem-diol formation, the synthesis of acetals is reversible, and often, the equilibrium favors the reactants. • In acetal synthesis, since water is formed as a by-product, the equilibrium can be driven to the right by removing H2O as it is formed using distillation or other techniques. • Drivi ...
... • Like gem-diol formation, the synthesis of acetals is reversible, and often, the equilibrium favors the reactants. • In acetal synthesis, since water is formed as a by-product, the equilibrium can be driven to the right by removing H2O as it is formed using distillation or other techniques. • Drivi ...
Chapter 21 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
... Saponification • Base-catalyzed hydrolysis of ester. • “Saponification” means “soap-making.” • Soaps are made by heating NaOH with a fat (triester of glycerol) to produce the sodium salt of a fatty acid - a soap. • One example of a soap is sodium stearate, Na+ -OOC(CH2)16CH3. ...
... Saponification • Base-catalyzed hydrolysis of ester. • “Saponification” means “soap-making.” • Soaps are made by heating NaOH with a fat (triester of glycerol) to produce the sodium salt of a fatty acid - a soap. • One example of a soap is sodium stearate, Na+ -OOC(CH2)16CH3. ...
The characteristic reaction of aromatic rings
... Reactions of the Side Chain of Alkylbenzenes t Benzylic Radicals and Cations l When toluene undergoes hydrogen abstraction from its methyl group it produces a benzyl radical è A benzylic radical is a radical in which the carbon bearing the unpaired electron is directly bonded to an aromatic ring ...
... Reactions of the Side Chain of Alkylbenzenes t Benzylic Radicals and Cations l When toluene undergoes hydrogen abstraction from its methyl group it produces a benzyl radical è A benzylic radical is a radical in which the carbon bearing the unpaired electron is directly bonded to an aromatic ring ...
CH 20: Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles
... • Like ketones, carboxylic acids undergo addition of nucleophiles to the carbonyl group • In addition, carboxylic acids undergo other reactions characteristic of neither alcohols nor ketones ...
... • Like ketones, carboxylic acids undergo addition of nucleophiles to the carbonyl group • In addition, carboxylic acids undergo other reactions characteristic of neither alcohols nor ketones ...
Dess-Martin Periodinane
... wide variety of sensitive substrates and is particularly valuable in multi-step syntheses of polyfunctional molecules with complex stereochemistry. For an example involving exclusive oxidation of one of four possible secondary OH groups in a synthesis of erythromycin B, see: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 119, ...
... wide variety of sensitive substrates and is particularly valuable in multi-step syntheses of polyfunctional molecules with complex stereochemistry. For an example involving exclusive oxidation of one of four possible secondary OH groups in a synthesis of erythromycin B, see: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 119, ...
Hein and Arena
... dipole-dipole attractions that occur between ether molecules are not strong enough to raise boiling points much above those of similar sized hydrocarbons. ...
... dipole-dipole attractions that occur between ether molecules are not strong enough to raise boiling points much above those of similar sized hydrocarbons. ...
ALDEHYDES & KETONES - Rogue Community College
... NOT as part of ... Aliphatic rings or Aromatic rings ...
... NOT as part of ... Aliphatic rings or Aromatic rings ...
314_lect_26_tosyl_SN..
... form, it can become a significant product. Greater amounts of more substituted alkenes form than less substituted alkenes. Rearrangements are common. In our course we will assume that an alcohol reacts by E1 in strong acid/high temperature conditions (H2SO4,/H3PO4/∆) and the alkene is distilled out ...
... form, it can become a significant product. Greater amounts of more substituted alkenes form than less substituted alkenes. Rearrangements are common. In our course we will assume that an alcohol reacts by E1 in strong acid/high temperature conditions (H2SO4,/H3PO4/∆) and the alkene is distilled out ...
Topic 16 Test - A
... How many structural isomers, which are aldehydes, have the molecular formula C5H10O? A ...
... How many structural isomers, which are aldehydes, have the molecular formula C5H10O? A ...
Chapter 21: Carboxylic acid Derivatives I. Introduction
... 3) If the are alkyl groups on the nitrogen, put the name of each alkyl group in front with an “N-” prefix (for example: N-ethyl). Examples: ...
... 3) If the are alkyl groups on the nitrogen, put the name of each alkyl group in front with an “N-” prefix (for example: N-ethyl). Examples: ...
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic acids
... group around the carbonyl carbon and it is easier for the nucleophile to attack the carbonyl carbon as compared to ketones. Electronically, aldehyde is also more reactive than ketone because the presence of two alkyl groups in ketones will reduce the electrophilicity (partial positive charge ) of th ...
... group around the carbonyl carbon and it is easier for the nucleophile to attack the carbonyl carbon as compared to ketones. Electronically, aldehyde is also more reactive than ketone because the presence of two alkyl groups in ketones will reduce the electrophilicity (partial positive charge ) of th ...
File - mrs. whalen`s classes!
... **Note that “R” refers to any alkyl group. R’ simply means a second alkyl group. Like alcohols, amines can be primary, secondary or tertiary, but the meaning is different Primary: One alkyl group, two H’s Secondary: Two alkyl groups, one H Tertiary: Three alkyl groups Naming: 1. Identify the l ...
... **Note that “R” refers to any alkyl group. R’ simply means a second alkyl group. Like alcohols, amines can be primary, secondary or tertiary, but the meaning is different Primary: One alkyl group, two H’s Secondary: Two alkyl groups, one H Tertiary: Three alkyl groups Naming: 1. Identify the l ...
Functional Groups
... from the OH group and one from the adjacent carbon atom, resulting in a C=O group. A water molecule is also produced in the reaction. 1. When a primary alcohol is oxidized an H atom remains on the carbon atom and an aldehyde is produced. ...
... from the OH group and one from the adjacent carbon atom, resulting in a C=O group. A water molecule is also produced in the reaction. 1. When a primary alcohol is oxidized an H atom remains on the carbon atom and an aldehyde is produced. ...
Boiling-Point Elevation of a Solution
... carbonyl carbon and no hydrogens. In the case of aldehydes there is at least one hydrogen bonded to the carbonyl carbon, the other attachment may be to a carbon or a hydrogen. In all cases the carbon(s) that are attached to the carbonyl group may be aliphatic (not part of an aromatic ring) or aromat ...
... carbonyl carbon and no hydrogens. In the case of aldehydes there is at least one hydrogen bonded to the carbonyl carbon, the other attachment may be to a carbon or a hydrogen. In all cases the carbon(s) that are attached to the carbonyl group may be aliphatic (not part of an aromatic ring) or aromat ...
Williamson Ether Synthesis
... Ethers can be prepared by the reaction of an alkoxide with a primary haloalkane or sulfonate ester under SN2 conditions. The parent alcohol of the alkoxide can be used as the solvent, however other polar solvents are often better, such as DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) or HMPA ...
... Ethers can be prepared by the reaction of an alkoxide with a primary haloalkane or sulfonate ester under SN2 conditions. The parent alcohol of the alkoxide can be used as the solvent, however other polar solvents are often better, such as DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) or HMPA ...
EXPERIMENT 3: Preparation and Reactivity of Alkyl Halides
... Although one might expect such a reaction to be reversible, it can be driven to formation of R-I by using anhydrous acetone as the solvent. Sodium iodide (NaI) is soluble in this solvent, but sodium chloride and sodium bromide are not. If a reaction occurs, a precipitate of sodium chloride or sodium ...
... Although one might expect such a reaction to be reversible, it can be driven to formation of R-I by using anhydrous acetone as the solvent. Sodium iodide (NaI) is soluble in this solvent, but sodium chloride and sodium bromide are not. If a reaction occurs, a precipitate of sodium chloride or sodium ...
Chemistry 211 - MiraCosta College
... and reactivity of alcohols, aldehydes and ketons, organometalic compounds, carboxylic acids and derivatives, amines and other nitrogen functions, aromatic compounds, sulfur-, phosphorus-, and silicon-containing compounds, heterocyclic compounds, and di- and polyfunctional compounds; conjugation and ...
... and reactivity of alcohols, aldehydes and ketons, organometalic compounds, carboxylic acids and derivatives, amines and other nitrogen functions, aromatic compounds, sulfur-, phosphorus-, and silicon-containing compounds, heterocyclic compounds, and di- and polyfunctional compounds; conjugation and ...
Making esters from carboxylic acids and alcohols
... Doing the reactions On a test tube scale Carboxylic acids and alcohols are often warmed together in the presence of a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid in order to observe the smell of the esters formed. You would normally use small quantities of everything heated in a test tube stood in a ho ...
... Doing the reactions On a test tube scale Carboxylic acids and alcohols are often warmed together in the presence of a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid in order to observe the smell of the esters formed. You would normally use small quantities of everything heated in a test tube stood in a ho ...
Sn1 and Sn2 Chemtivity
... Organic compounds in which an sp3 hybridized carbon is bonded to an electronegative atom or group can undergo two types of reactions. They can undergo substitution reactions, in which the electronegative atom or group is replaced by another atom or group. They can also undergo elimination reactions, ...
... Organic compounds in which an sp3 hybridized carbon is bonded to an electronegative atom or group can undergo two types of reactions. They can undergo substitution reactions, in which the electronegative atom or group is replaced by another atom or group. They can also undergo elimination reactions, ...
EXPERIMENT 5: Oxidation of Alcohols: Solid
... involves the addition of a solution of CrO3 in sulfuric acid (Jones' Reagent) to a solution of the compound being tested in acetone. This reagent oxidizes primary and secondary alcohols and all aldehydes (via its hydrate) with a distinctive color change (orange to green or blue-green) and it gives n ...
... involves the addition of a solution of CrO3 in sulfuric acid (Jones' Reagent) to a solution of the compound being tested in acetone. This reagent oxidizes primary and secondary alcohols and all aldehydes (via its hydrate) with a distinctive color change (orange to green or blue-green) and it gives n ...
Wolff rearrangement
The Wolff rearrangement is a reaction in organic chemistry in which an α-diazocarbonyl compound is converted into a ketene by loss of dinitrogen with accompanying 1,2-rearrangement. The Wolff rearrangement yields a ketene as an intermediate product, which can undergo nucleophilic attack with weakly acidic nucleophiles such as water, alcohols, and amines, to generate carboxylic acid derivatives or undergo [2+2] cycloaddition reactions to form four-membered rings. The mechanism of the Wolff rearrangement has been the subject of debate since its first use. No single mechanism sufficiently describes the reaction, and there are often competing concerted and carbene-mediated pathways; for simplicity, only the textbook, concerted mechanism is shown below. The reaction was discovered by Ludwig Wolff in 1902. The Wolff rearrangement has great synthetic utility due to the accessibility of α-diazocarbonyl compounds, variety of reactions from the ketene intermediate, and stereochemical retention of the migrating group. However, the Wolff rearrangement has limitations due to the highly reactive nature of α-diazocarbonyl compounds, which can undergo a variety of competing reactions.The Wolff rearrangement can be induced via thermolysis, photolysis, or transition metal catalysis. In this last case, the reaction is sensitive to the transition metal; silver (I) oxide or other Ag(I) catalysts work well and are generally used. The Wolff rearrangement has been used in many total syntheses; the most common use is trapping the ketene intermediate with nucleophiles to form carboxylic acid derivatives. The Arndt-Eistert homologation is a specific example of this use, wherein a carboxylic acid may be elongated by a methylene unit. Another common use is in ring-contraction methods; if the α-diazo ketone is cyclic, the Wolff rearrangement results in a ring-contracted product. The Wolff rearrangement works well in generating ring-strained systems, where other reactions may fail.