f3234 mod 1 revision guide rings acids and amines
... dioxide given off when the biofuel is burnt would have been extracted from the air by photosynthesis when the plant grew. This does not take into account any energy needed to irrigate plants, extract the oil, heat the reaction with methanol mixture or process the fuel. If the energy for this process ...
... dioxide given off when the biofuel is burnt would have been extracted from the air by photosynthesis when the plant grew. This does not take into account any energy needed to irrigate plants, extract the oil, heat the reaction with methanol mixture or process the fuel. If the energy for this process ...
Chapter 8 Alkenes and Alkynes II: Addition Reactions Alkenes are
... Carbenes add to double bonds in a stereospecific manner A carbene-like species is formed which then reacts with alkenes ...
... Carbenes add to double bonds in a stereospecific manner A carbene-like species is formed which then reacts with alkenes ...
File
... organic chemistry aromatic hydrocarbon functional group dipole-dipole force ether aldehyde amide ...
... organic chemistry aromatic hydrocarbon functional group dipole-dipole force ether aldehyde amide ...
4.5: Bonding in Alcohols and Alkyl Halides
... 4.4: Classes of Alcohols and Alkyl Halides - Alcohols and alkyl halides are classified as according to the degree of substitution of the carbon bearing the halogen or -OH group OH primary (1°) : one alkyl substituent secondary (2°) : two alkyl substituents tertiary (3°) : three alkyl substituents 2- ...
... 4.4: Classes of Alcohols and Alkyl Halides - Alcohols and alkyl halides are classified as according to the degree of substitution of the carbon bearing the halogen or -OH group OH primary (1°) : one alkyl substituent secondary (2°) : two alkyl substituents tertiary (3°) : three alkyl substituents 2- ...
19_03_05rw
... Second stage is restoration of C=O by elimination. Complicating features of each stage involve acid-base chemistry. ...
... Second stage is restoration of C=O by elimination. Complicating features of each stage involve acid-base chemistry. ...
11.Unit 10 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes.
... For C4H9Br, four isomeric compounds are possible out of which one(sec-butyl bromide) can show enantiomerism. For C5H11Br, eight isomeric compounds are possible out of which three can exhibit enantiomerism. Alcohols can be converted into chlorides by reaction with (i)HCl/ZnCl2 (ii)PCl5 (iii)PCl3 (iv) ...
... For C4H9Br, four isomeric compounds are possible out of which one(sec-butyl bromide) can show enantiomerism. For C5H11Br, eight isomeric compounds are possible out of which three can exhibit enantiomerism. Alcohols can be converted into chlorides by reaction with (i)HCl/ZnCl2 (ii)PCl5 (iii)PCl3 (iv) ...
Alcohols, Ethers, and Epoxides
... • Must convert the hydroxyl group (in alcohols) or the alkoxy group (in ethers) into a good leaving group before substitution or elimination will occur • Epoxides are strained three‐membered cyclic ethers that are very reactive towards strong nucleophiles and acids due t ...
... • Must convert the hydroxyl group (in alcohols) or the alkoxy group (in ethers) into a good leaving group before substitution or elimination will occur • Epoxides are strained three‐membered cyclic ethers that are very reactive towards strong nucleophiles and acids due t ...
Hydrogen Bonding • Aldehydes and ketones don`t hydrogen bond
... The (a) ketone and (b) aldehyde have lost an αhydrogen. In the resulting molecule, the ketone has an alkyl group, while the aldehyde has a hydrogen. Alkyl groups are electron donors, and so it tries to push more electrons to the negative carbanion (red arrow). This makes the molecule less stable tha ...
... The (a) ketone and (b) aldehyde have lost an αhydrogen. In the resulting molecule, the ketone has an alkyl group, while the aldehyde has a hydrogen. Alkyl groups are electron donors, and so it tries to push more electrons to the negative carbanion (red arrow). This makes the molecule less stable tha ...
CHEMISTRY 1000
... hydrogen to a carbonyl (using NaBH4 or LiAlH4 as the source of nucleophilic hydrogen). This was a chemoselective reaction – in other words, the reducing agent only reduced one functional group (the carbonyl) and left others alone (e.g. alkenes). If we want to reduce an alkene or alkyne, we need to u ...
... hydrogen to a carbonyl (using NaBH4 or LiAlH4 as the source of nucleophilic hydrogen). This was a chemoselective reaction – in other words, the reducing agent only reduced one functional group (the carbonyl) and left others alone (e.g. alkenes). If we want to reduce an alkene or alkyne, we need to u ...
Document
... • Usually Dissolved in Solvent (CH3CO2H, CH2Cl2) • Can be Bubbled Through Solution as a Gas • Addition of HCl not Generally Useful (Works w/ Silica Gel) ...
... • Usually Dissolved in Solvent (CH3CO2H, CH2Cl2) • Can be Bubbled Through Solution as a Gas • Addition of HCl not Generally Useful (Works w/ Silica Gel) ...
ch 1: organic chemistry
... compared to a carboxylic the functional group is similar but is missing the OH group i.e. the –OH is replaced by an –OR group therefore esters are less polar, less soluble in water and have lower melting and boiling points than their parent acids acidity of carboxylic acids is from the H on ...
... compared to a carboxylic the functional group is similar but is missing the OH group i.e. the –OH is replaced by an –OR group therefore esters are less polar, less soluble in water and have lower melting and boiling points than their parent acids acidity of carboxylic acids is from the H on ...
Experiment 7-Reduction
... A reduction is often defined as the gain of two hydrogen atoms or the loss of an oxygen atom, or both. This leads to a very important conversion reaction, where aldehydes and ketones are reduced to primary and secondary alcohols. O ...
... A reduction is often defined as the gain of two hydrogen atoms or the loss of an oxygen atom, or both. This leads to a very important conversion reaction, where aldehydes and ketones are reduced to primary and secondary alcohols. O ...
CC 2 097-110..7686hdisk chapter .. Page97
... photodecarboxylation reactions reported), although it was not clear whether this characteristic is best attributed to its S1 or T1 state or both.† Although ketones classically react via their triplet excited states, typically via Type I and Type II photochemistry,1c,d they have strong structural res ...
... photodecarboxylation reactions reported), although it was not clear whether this characteristic is best attributed to its S1 or T1 state or both.† Although ketones classically react via their triplet excited states, typically via Type I and Type II photochemistry,1c,d they have strong structural res ...
Document
... • The mechanism of ether cleavage is SN1 or SN2, depending on the identity of R. • When 2° or 3° alkyl groups are bonded to the ether oxygen, the C—O bond is cleaved by an SN1 mechanism involving a carbocation. With methyl or 1° R groups, the C—O bond is cleaved by an SN2 mechanism. Example: In the ...
... • The mechanism of ether cleavage is SN1 or SN2, depending on the identity of R. • When 2° or 3° alkyl groups are bonded to the ether oxygen, the C—O bond is cleaved by an SN1 mechanism involving a carbocation. With methyl or 1° R groups, the C—O bond is cleaved by an SN2 mechanism. Example: In the ...
Page 1 - WordPress.com
... (c) State one economic reason for the cracking of petroleum fractions. (1) (d) (i) Give the type of reactive intermediate formed during catalytic cracking. (ii) ...
... (c) State one economic reason for the cracking of petroleum fractions. (1) (d) (i) Give the type of reactive intermediate formed during catalytic cracking. (ii) ...
unit 17 organic compounds containing oxygen and nitrogen atoms
... Aliphatic aldehydes form a homologous series with the general formula RCHO and ketons with general formula RCOR'. Aldehydes and ketones have the same general formula CnH,"O. Since carbonyl group is present in both aldehydes and ketones, many of their properties are common. But in aldehyde, there is ...
... Aliphatic aldehydes form a homologous series with the general formula RCHO and ketons with general formula RCOR'. Aldehydes and ketones have the same general formula CnH,"O. Since carbonyl group is present in both aldehydes and ketones, many of their properties are common. But in aldehyde, there is ...
08/31/2007
... In a paper by Woerpel and coworkers (JOC, 1997, 62, 5674-5), tandem aldol!Tischenko reactions are used to diastereoselectively synthesize diols and triols. Rationalize the diastereoselectivity of the reaction below. O 1.2 equiv LDA 2.0 equiv MeCHO ...
... In a paper by Woerpel and coworkers (JOC, 1997, 62, 5674-5), tandem aldol!Tischenko reactions are used to diastereoselectively synthesize diols and triols. Rationalize the diastereoselectivity of the reaction below. O 1.2 equiv LDA 2.0 equiv MeCHO ...
Give reasons for the following.(one mark each)
... 26. Use of DDT is banned . 27. Tertiary alcohols react much faster than secondary & primary with lucas reagent. 28. Optically active 2-iodobutane on treatment with NaI in acetone gives a product which does not show optical activity. 29. Vinyl chloride is hydrolysed more slowly than ethyl chloride. 3 ...
... 26. Use of DDT is banned . 27. Tertiary alcohols react much faster than secondary & primary with lucas reagent. 28. Optically active 2-iodobutane on treatment with NaI in acetone gives a product which does not show optical activity. 29. Vinyl chloride is hydrolysed more slowly than ethyl chloride. 3 ...
Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
... hydrogen to a carbonyl (using NaBH4 or LiAlH4 as the source of nucleophilic hydrogen). This was a chemoselective reaction – in other words, the reducing agent only reduced one functional group (the carbonyl) and left others alone (e.g. alkenes). If we want to reduce an alkene or alkyne, we need to u ...
... hydrogen to a carbonyl (using NaBH4 or LiAlH4 as the source of nucleophilic hydrogen). This was a chemoselective reaction – in other words, the reducing agent only reduced one functional group (the carbonyl) and left others alone (e.g. alkenes). If we want to reduce an alkene or alkyne, we need to u ...
Year 1 Foundation course, section B2
... Aromatic compounds are stable cyclic systems of conjugated double bonds. There must be 2n+1 double bonds for the system to be stable. You can illustrate them in two ways, the first of which is more accurate. The structure consists of a system of six sigma (s) bonds with a p bond system on top which ...
... Aromatic compounds are stable cyclic systems of conjugated double bonds. There must be 2n+1 double bonds for the system to be stable. You can illustrate them in two ways, the first of which is more accurate. The structure consists of a system of six sigma (s) bonds with a p bond system on top which ...
Organic Chemistry Fifth Edition
... • Identify the product isolated when cyclopentanone reacts with dimethyl amine. ...
... • Identify the product isolated when cyclopentanone reacts with dimethyl amine. ...
Spotlight 106 Oxalic Acid: A Very Useful Brønsted Acid in Organic Synthesis SYNLETT
... acidic agent in a number of condensation processes such as condensation of allylic alcohols with aromatic rings,6 carbonyl compounds and hydrazines,7 aromatic amines and aldehydes,8 and it has been utilized as a bifunctional condensation partner in the synthesis of heterocyclic systems.9 Oxalic acid ...
... acidic agent in a number of condensation processes such as condensation of allylic alcohols with aromatic rings,6 carbonyl compounds and hydrazines,7 aromatic amines and aldehydes,8 and it has been utilized as a bifunctional condensation partner in the synthesis of heterocyclic systems.9 Oxalic acid ...
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids 1. Parent alkane + the suffix
... Aldehydes (but not ketones) are oxidized by Ag2O in aqueous ammonia to give the carboxylic acid and metallic silver: the "silver mirror" (Tollens test). ...
... Aldehydes (but not ketones) are oxidized by Ag2O in aqueous ammonia to give the carboxylic acid and metallic silver: the "silver mirror" (Tollens test). ...
Wolff rearrangement
The Wolff rearrangement is a reaction in organic chemistry in which an α-diazocarbonyl compound is converted into a ketene by loss of dinitrogen with accompanying 1,2-rearrangement. The Wolff rearrangement yields a ketene as an intermediate product, which can undergo nucleophilic attack with weakly acidic nucleophiles such as water, alcohols, and amines, to generate carboxylic acid derivatives or undergo [2+2] cycloaddition reactions to form four-membered rings. The mechanism of the Wolff rearrangement has been the subject of debate since its first use. No single mechanism sufficiently describes the reaction, and there are often competing concerted and carbene-mediated pathways; for simplicity, only the textbook, concerted mechanism is shown below. The reaction was discovered by Ludwig Wolff in 1902. The Wolff rearrangement has great synthetic utility due to the accessibility of α-diazocarbonyl compounds, variety of reactions from the ketene intermediate, and stereochemical retention of the migrating group. However, the Wolff rearrangement has limitations due to the highly reactive nature of α-diazocarbonyl compounds, which can undergo a variety of competing reactions.The Wolff rearrangement can be induced via thermolysis, photolysis, or transition metal catalysis. In this last case, the reaction is sensitive to the transition metal; silver (I) oxide or other Ag(I) catalysts work well and are generally used. The Wolff rearrangement has been used in many total syntheses; the most common use is trapping the ketene intermediate with nucleophiles to form carboxylic acid derivatives. The Arndt-Eistert homologation is a specific example of this use, wherein a carboxylic acid may be elongated by a methylene unit. Another common use is in ring-contraction methods; if the α-diazo ketone is cyclic, the Wolff rearrangement results in a ring-contracted product. The Wolff rearrangement works well in generating ring-strained systems, where other reactions may fail.