America's Climate Choices: Panel on Advancing the
... governments, tribes, corporations, municipalities, and nongovernmental organizations, as well as citizen decision makers, are beginning to act. Climate research over the past three decades, however, has been driven largely by a need to better understand rather than to explicitly respond to climate c ...
... governments, tribes, corporations, municipalities, and nongovernmental organizations, as well as citizen decision makers, are beginning to act. Climate research over the past three decades, however, has been driven largely by a need to better understand rather than to explicitly respond to climate c ...
The endangered Saimaa ringed seal in a changing climate
... predator activity at lair sites. The method of building man-made snowdrifts, which was developed in the present study, has been later used successfully to improve the seals' breeding success during winters with poor snow conditions. The man-made snowdrifts were designed to mimic wind-drifted snow an ...
... predator activity at lair sites. The method of building man-made snowdrifts, which was developed in the present study, has been later used successfully to improve the seals' breeding success during winters with poor snow conditions. The man-made snowdrifts were designed to mimic wind-drifted snow an ...
Vulnerability ofPaci c Island agriculture and forestry to climate change
... Island countries and territories (PICTs). These sectors underpin the livelihoods of a significant proportion of the region’s population and also account for an important share of export earnings for many countries. It is essential therefore to assess the potential impacts of climate change on the ag ...
... Island countries and territories (PICTs). These sectors underpin the livelihoods of a significant proportion of the region’s population and also account for an important share of export earnings for many countries. It is essential therefore to assess the potential impacts of climate change on the ag ...
A C I
... this kind of goals is that they clearly state what exactly we are trying to achieve by agreeing on certain actions. However, the achievement or non-achievement of these goals is not necessarily a direct result of deliberate adaptation actions directed at achieving these goals. Other factors that cou ...
... this kind of goals is that they clearly state what exactly we are trying to achieve by agreeing on certain actions. However, the achievement or non-achievement of these goals is not necessarily a direct result of deliberate adaptation actions directed at achieving these goals. Other factors that cou ...
2014 Assessment in pdf - Ozone Secretariat
... The review meeting of the Panel was held in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China. We thank the University of Zhengzhou and the University of Peking for providing logistical support and assistance. The Suda Palace Hotel, Zhengzhou, provided excellent facilities for the meeting and we thank the staff for ...
... The review meeting of the Panel was held in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China. We thank the University of Zhengzhou and the University of Peking for providing logistical support and assistance. The Suda Palace Hotel, Zhengzhou, provided excellent facilities for the meeting and we thank the staff for ...
Simulating northern peatland-atmosphere carbon
... function of daily sedge NPP; and (3) a modified function describing the fen moss water dynamics. Secondly, I have examined the effect of bog microtopography on the simulation of ecosystem-level C cycling and found model processes scale linearly, so “parameter” upscaling can be used in regional scale ...
... function of daily sedge NPP; and (3) a modified function describing the fen moss water dynamics. Secondly, I have examined the effect of bog microtopography on the simulation of ecosystem-level C cycling and found model processes scale linearly, so “parameter” upscaling can be used in regional scale ...
PDF
... between 90% in the OECD to 50% in other regions. Globally, adaptation can achieve a damage reduction of roughly US$ 35 trillion at the cost of US$ 3 trillion, within the period 2000-2200 using a 3% discount rate. With these assumptions, it not surprising that PAGE can easily justify aggressive adapt ...
... between 90% in the OECD to 50% in other regions. Globally, adaptation can achieve a damage reduction of roughly US$ 35 trillion at the cost of US$ 3 trillion, within the period 2000-2200 using a 3% discount rate. With these assumptions, it not surprising that PAGE can easily justify aggressive adapt ...
Climatic variation alters supply-side ecology
... years; see Di Lorenzo et al. 2008) last much longer. Most long-term ecological data sets are far shorter than several cycles of the longer climate patterns, and thus our ability to resolve ecosystem impacts of these longer climate changes in relation to cycle periodicity is very limited. Nonetheless ...
... years; see Di Lorenzo et al. 2008) last much longer. Most long-term ecological data sets are far shorter than several cycles of the longer climate patterns, and thus our ability to resolve ecosystem impacts of these longer climate changes in relation to cycle periodicity is very limited. Nonetheless ...
a study of public understanding of and response to climate
... Beliefs about the causes of climate change......................................................... 48 Underestimating energy use as a cause of climate change................................. 51 Doubt about the reality or human causes of climate change.............................. 52 ...
... Beliefs about the causes of climate change......................................................... 48 Underestimating energy use as a cause of climate change................................. 51 Doubt about the reality or human causes of climate change.............................. 52 ...
H1. Epistemic community influence on policymaking is probable if
... vowing to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and hold the increase in global average temperature to below 2°C relative to the preindustrial era’s global temperature. So why have these countries, and the U.S. in particular, decided to adopt the Paris Agreement? Previously, prioritization of states’ nati ...
... vowing to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and hold the increase in global average temperature to below 2°C relative to the preindustrial era’s global temperature. So why have these countries, and the U.S. in particular, decided to adopt the Paris Agreement? Previously, prioritization of states’ nati ...
The Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change using CO2 Capture
... factories and transportations. The best way to reduce CO2 concentration is to prevent CO2 from being emitted into the atmosphere. If one equips car’s exhaust system or factory’s stack with CO2 gas collecting facilities, it can prevent the release of CO2. This is the most certain way to prevent CO2’s ...
... factories and transportations. The best way to reduce CO2 concentration is to prevent CO2 from being emitted into the atmosphere. If one equips car’s exhaust system or factory’s stack with CO2 gas collecting facilities, it can prevent the release of CO2. This is the most certain way to prevent CO2’s ...
OFFICIAL VIEWS ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND SECURITY IN SOUTH AFRICA, 2007-2012:
... More specifically, the concept of environmental security includes the adverse effects of environmental risks such as pollution (of air, land and water), environmental degradation and resource depletion – conditions that may generate risks, which in turn could pose threats to security (United Nations ...
... More specifically, the concept of environmental security includes the adverse effects of environmental risks such as pollution (of air, land and water), environmental degradation and resource depletion – conditions that may generate risks, which in turn could pose threats to security (United Nations ...
The making of a riskier future: How our decisions are
... The text in this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or nonprofit uses, without special permission, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The GFDRR Secretariat would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this report as a sour ...
... The text in this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or nonprofit uses, without special permission, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The GFDRR Secretariat would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this report as a sour ...
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment of the Galápagos Islands
... the amount and distribution of rainfall. The unique and endemic biodiversity of the Galápagos is at risk. In addition, the loss of Galápagos biodiversity directly impacts its local human communities as their livelihoods are dependent primarily on naturebased tourism, fisheries, and agriculture, all ...
... the amount and distribution of rainfall. The unique and endemic biodiversity of the Galápagos is at risk. In addition, the loss of Galápagos biodiversity directly impacts its local human communities as their livelihoods are dependent primarily on naturebased tourism, fisheries, and agriculture, all ...
climate change and the south african commercial forestry sector
... while the Eucalyptus hybrid evaluated, viz. Eucalyptus GxU, is more robust to changes in temperature. All the Eucalyptus species and/or hybrids are highly sensitive to changes in rainfall with respect to their climatic optimum growth areas. With regard to changes in actual areas suitable for eucalyp ...
... while the Eucalyptus hybrid evaluated, viz. Eucalyptus GxU, is more robust to changes in temperature. All the Eucalyptus species and/or hybrids are highly sensitive to changes in rainfall with respect to their climatic optimum growth areas. With regard to changes in actual areas suitable for eucalyp ...
The Sixth National Communication of the Republic of Belarus
... density - 46 people per km2 and the urban population made up 76.8%. The urban population is characterized by a high concentration. 1.9 mln people (26.8% of the urban population) reside in Minsk. Five regional centers account for 26.7% of the urban residents. 8 cities numbering from 100 thousand to 2 ...
... density - 46 people per km2 and the urban population made up 76.8%. The urban population is characterized by a high concentration. 1.9 mln people (26.8% of the urban population) reside in Minsk. Five regional centers account for 26.7% of the urban residents. 8 cities numbering from 100 thousand to 2 ...
Vulnerability - Adaptación al cambio climático para el desarrollo
... makes it highly susceptible to sea-level rise, its current exposure to hurricanes and the severe damages caused by them, and its present climate being rather warm already. Some scholars may refrain from giving an answer unless provided with detailed, preferably probabilistic, scenarios of regional c ...
... makes it highly susceptible to sea-level rise, its current exposure to hurricanes and the severe damages caused by them, and its present climate being rather warm already. Some scholars may refrain from giving an answer unless provided with detailed, preferably probabilistic, scenarios of regional c ...
Here - Permafrost Carbon Network
... (Schuur et al. 2015) summarizes the findings across a range of individual synthesis products produced by the Permafrost Carbon Network. The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society paper (Koven et al. 2015) combines a number of individual synthesis products with Earth System Model projections ...
... (Schuur et al. 2015) summarizes the findings across a range of individual synthesis products produced by the Permafrost Carbon Network. The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society paper (Koven et al. 2015) combines a number of individual synthesis products with Earth System Model projections ...
Camels and Climate Resilience: Adaptation in Northern Kenya
... (Little et al. 2001a; Adano and Witsenburg 2008). Climate change adaptation is seen as particularly important for pastoralists because of their high dependence on rain-fed natural resources. In debates about pastoralists and climate change adaptation, two key positions are evident (see also Robinson ...
... (Little et al. 2001a; Adano and Witsenburg 2008). Climate change adaptation is seen as particularly important for pastoralists because of their high dependence on rain-fed natural resources. In debates about pastoralists and climate change adaptation, two key positions are evident (see also Robinson ...
a call to action - CDM Policy Dialogue
... private international investment and local action in developing nations. And many countries with mitigation targets have not linked the implementation of their targets to the use of the CDM. Policymakers and climate advocates alike increasingly question the continuing value of instruments like the C ...
... private international investment and local action in developing nations. And many countries with mitigation targets have not linked the implementation of their targets to the use of the CDM. Policymakers and climate advocates alike increasingly question the continuing value of instruments like the C ...
Freshwater Ecosystems and Fisheries
... and the uncertainty associated with complex, multilayered, and poorly understood interactions between climate variables greatly contribute to uncertainty in projections of future climate.This is exacerbated by other complexities such as inter- and intra-regional variation driven by, for example, lat ...
... and the uncertainty associated with complex, multilayered, and poorly understood interactions between climate variables greatly contribute to uncertainty in projections of future climate.This is exacerbated by other complexities such as inter- and intra-regional variation driven by, for example, lat ...
THE GARNAUT CLIMATE CHANGE REvIEW
... The methodology applied in, and the results of, the Review’s modelling have generated large volumes of analysis and information, of which this final report presents only a small proportion. A technical appendix to the report on the modelling is available on the website. The Review has benefited subs ...
... The methodology applied in, and the results of, the Review’s modelling have generated large volumes of analysis and information, of which this final report presents only a small proportion. A technical appendix to the report on the modelling is available on the website. The Review has benefited subs ...
Workshop Proceedings Report: South Asia Media Workshop
... the ongoing changes in different ecosystems, how such changes affect the resident population and how such effects translate to the global scale. He seconded Dr. Park’s statement and emphasized on the role of media persons as a link between knowledge institutions and the public and as important role ...
... the ongoing changes in different ecosystems, how such changes affect the resident population and how such effects translate to the global scale. He seconded Dr. Park’s statement and emphasized on the role of media persons as a link between knowledge institutions and the public and as important role ...
A stochastic reconstruction framework for analysis of water resource
... are required before GCMs can be directly used in water resource planning and management. [4] Several authors have also warned about the additional uncertainty in hydrological modeling. Beven [2008, 2011] argued that several factors add a great deal of uncertainty to future hydrological projections. ...
... are required before GCMs can be directly used in water resource planning and management. [4] Several authors have also warned about the additional uncertainty in hydrological modeling. Beven [2008, 2011] argued that several factors add a great deal of uncertainty to future hydrological projections. ...
Trends in Intense Precipitation in the Climate Record
... was 1951–80 because for a significant number of stations the data ended in 1980. For each station, we determined the empirical distribution function and the set of upper threshold values (90, 95, 99, 99.7, and 99.9 percentiles of rainy day events) for daily precipitation during the reference period. ...
... was 1951–80 because for a significant number of stations the data ended in 1980. For each station, we determined the empirical distribution function and the set of upper threshold values (90, 95, 99, 99.7, and 99.9 percentiles of rainy day events) for daily precipitation during the reference period. ...
Climate engineering
Climate engineering, also referred to as geoengineering or climate intervention, is the deliberate and large-scale intervention in the Earth’s climatic system with the aim of limiting adverse climate change. Climate engineering is an umbrella term for two types of measures: carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management. Carbon dioxide removal addresses the cause of climate change by removing one of the greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere. Solar radiation management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the Earth to absorb less solar radiation.Climate engineering approaches are sometimes viewed as additional potential options for limiting climate change, alongside mitigation and adaptation. There is substantial agreement among scientists that climate engineering cannot substitute climate change mitigation. Some approaches might be used as accompanying measures to sharp cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. Given that all types of measures addressing climate change have economic, political or physical limitations a some climate engineering approaches might eventually be used as part of an ensemble of measures. Research on costs, benefits, and various types of risks of most climate engineering approaches is at an early stage and their understanding needs to improve to judge their adequacy and feasibility.No known large-scale climate engineering projects have taken place to date. Almost all research into solar geoengineering has consisted of computer modelling or laboratory tests, and attempts to move to real-world experimentation have proved controversial for many types of climate engineering. Some practices, such as planting of trees and whitening of surfaces as well as bio-energy with carbon capture and storage projects are underway, their scalability to effectively affect global climate is however debated. Ocean iron fertilization has been given small-scale research trials, sparking substantial controversy.Most experts and major reports advise against relying on geoengineering techniques as a simple solution to climate change, in part due to the large uncertainties over effectiveness and side effects. However, most experts also argue that the risks of such interventions must be seen in the context of risks of dangerous climate change. Interventions at large scale may run a greater risk disrupting natural systems resulting in a dilemma that those approaches that could prove highly (cost-) effective in addressing extreme climate risk, might themselves cause substantial risk. Some have suggested that the concept of geoengineering the climate presents a moral hazard because it could reduce political and public pressure for emissions reduction, which could exacerbate overall climate risks.Groups such as ETC Group and some climate researchers (such as Raymond Pierrehumbert) are in favour of a moratorium on out-of-doors testing and deployment of SRM.