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... under the A1B climate scenario, yields are projected to drop by 17 to 22 percent for maize, sorghum, millet, and groundnuts (peanuts) and by 8 percent for cassava. These estimates exclude carbon fertilization, but maize, sorghum, and millet are C4 crops, while cassava has a negative response to incr ...
... under the A1B climate scenario, yields are projected to drop by 17 to 22 percent for maize, sorghum, millet, and groundnuts (peanuts) and by 8 percent for cassava. These estimates exclude carbon fertilization, but maize, sorghum, and millet are C4 crops, while cassava has a negative response to incr ...
HFC air-conditioners
... include both manufacturers and businesses that rely on CFC, HCFC and/or HFC gases, such as Ford Motor Company, Dow Chemical, Fujitsu, General Motors Company, and Hitachi. 8. What countries contribute most to HFC emissions? According to recent UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) reports, 80% ...
... include both manufacturers and businesses that rely on CFC, HCFC and/or HFC gases, such as Ford Motor Company, Dow Chemical, Fujitsu, General Motors Company, and Hitachi. 8. What countries contribute most to HFC emissions? According to recent UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) reports, 80% ...
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... obligations. In reality, departures from all or many of these assumptions are likely to occur and would result in potentially higher economic penalties and inefficiencies of various kinds. Nonetheless such an ideal case is useful to understand the basic dynamics of the system and to have a benchmark ...
... obligations. In reality, departures from all or many of these assumptions are likely to occur and would result in potentially higher economic penalties and inefficiencies of various kinds. Nonetheless such an ideal case is useful to understand the basic dynamics of the system and to have a benchmark ...
Value of information for climate observing systems
... (city) to regional (continent) to global. As a result, weather prediction VOI metrics are not directly applicable to climate prediction. The problem of decade to century time scale climate science VOI is sufficiently daunting and complex that it has remained largely unexplored. Most climate-related ...
... (city) to regional (continent) to global. As a result, weather prediction VOI metrics are not directly applicable to climate prediction. The problem of decade to century time scale climate science VOI is sufficiently daunting and complex that it has remained largely unexplored. Most climate-related ...
1213A Capacity-building for removing constraints in utilizing trade
... in the availability of freshwater resources. The ability to ensure freshwater quantity and quality in face of these challenges will have important implications for development in key socio-economic sectors. Unless properly and promptly addressed, these water-related challenges will hamper the achiev ...
... in the availability of freshwater resources. The ability to ensure freshwater quantity and quality in face of these challenges will have important implications for development in key socio-economic sectors. Unless properly and promptly addressed, these water-related challenges will hamper the achiev ...
HARC Meeting Slides September 2013
... website has a request for TEAP to provide an assessment of the technical and economic considerations in implementing a global phase down of HFCs, it would be surprising if it were approved or at least stated that plainly based on Brazil and India’s past interventions ...
... website has a request for TEAP to provide an assessment of the technical and economic considerations in implementing a global phase down of HFCs, it would be surprising if it were approved or at least stated that plainly based on Brazil and India’s past interventions ...
Level 1: Foundational Understanding – concrete knowledge
... Global climate change will result in a global increase in agricultural productivity. d) Rising sea level may inundate some of the world's most productive agricultural lands. e) Warmer temperatures associated with global climate change will probably help to control agricultural pests. Ans: d Difficul ...
... Global climate change will result in a global increase in agricultural productivity. d) Rising sea level may inundate some of the world's most productive agricultural lands. e) Warmer temperatures associated with global climate change will probably help to control agricultural pests. Ans: d Difficul ...
- University of Surrey
... implications of research suggesting people’s motivation to act on climate change are limited by ideology1-3, or relies on widespread personal experience of climate change28,29 (when it may be too late to mitigate). Communicating about co-benefits of addressing climate change can provide another way ...
... implications of research suggesting people’s motivation to act on climate change are limited by ideology1-3, or relies on widespread personal experience of climate change28,29 (when it may be too late to mitigate). Communicating about co-benefits of addressing climate change can provide another way ...
Global Climate Change Policies: From Bali to Copenhagen and
... action to meet their international obligations under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol, both with respect to their domestic mitigation efforts and their assistance to developing countries (e.g. with regard to technology transfer, capacity building and the funding of adaptation); and 3 expecting dev ...
... action to meet their international obligations under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol, both with respect to their domestic mitigation efforts and their assistance to developing countries (e.g. with regard to technology transfer, capacity building and the funding of adaptation); and 3 expecting dev ...
Air Pollution, Climate Disruption, and Ozone Depletion
... • People in such cities, especially during winter, were exposed to industrial smog consisting mostly of an unhealthy mix of sulfur dioxide, suspended droplets of sulfuric acid, and a variety of suspended solid particles in outside air. Those burning coal inside their homes were exposed to dangerous ...
... • People in such cities, especially during winter, were exposed to industrial smog consisting mostly of an unhealthy mix of sulfur dioxide, suspended droplets of sulfuric acid, and a variety of suspended solid particles in outside air. Those burning coal inside their homes were exposed to dangerous ...
DCNR and Climate Change – Planning for the Future
... assess existing data for baseline information or monitor for climate- related changes. While greater tree mortality is expected, at least for the present it appears that increases in mortality that can be attributed to climate change have been minor. Additionally, the effects of longer growing seaso ...
... assess existing data for baseline information or monitor for climate- related changes. While greater tree mortality is expected, at least for the present it appears that increases in mortality that can be attributed to climate change have been minor. Additionally, the effects of longer growing seaso ...
Divestment is a powerful tactic for stigmatising
... more intense cyclones in Sub-Saharan Africa. Weather extremes will batter the continent’s growing informal settlements, harming the lives of people who have had little hand in raising the Earth’s temperature. We lose a possible 40% of our current maizelands. Water availability drops by 20%. The prop ...
... more intense cyclones in Sub-Saharan Africa. Weather extremes will batter the continent’s growing informal settlements, harming the lives of people who have had little hand in raising the Earth’s temperature. We lose a possible 40% of our current maizelands. Water availability drops by 20%. The prop ...
The Scientific Guide to Global Warming Skepticism
... El Niño exchange massive amounts of heat between the ocean and atmosphere, so surface temperature jumps up and down from year to year. To work out the long-term trend, scientists use techniques such as moving averages or linear regression that take into account all the data. These show that surface ...
... El Niño exchange massive amounts of heat between the ocean and atmosphere, so surface temperature jumps up and down from year to year. To work out the long-term trend, scientists use techniques such as moving averages or linear regression that take into account all the data. These show that surface ...
Downscaling Tools - University of Victoria
... Limitations of LARS-WG (and weather generators in general) ... • Temporal downscaling only • Designed for use at individual sites only (no spatial correlation) • Can only represent events in calibration data set • Generally underestimate variability ...
... Limitations of LARS-WG (and weather generators in general) ... • Temporal downscaling only • Designed for use at individual sites only (no spatial correlation) • Can only represent events in calibration data set • Generally underestimate variability ...
How Will Climate Change Affect Human Health in
... How Will Climate Change Affect Human Health in Washington? Studies of climate change impacts on human health in the Pacific Northwest are limited. Research to date finds that climate change is likely to increase rates of heat related illnesses (including heat exhaustion and stroke); respiratory ill ...
... How Will Climate Change Affect Human Health in Washington? Studies of climate change impacts on human health in the Pacific Northwest are limited. Research to date finds that climate change is likely to increase rates of heat related illnesses (including heat exhaustion and stroke); respiratory ill ...
Professor Lord Nicholas Stern: Activities and Writings since 2008
... Our low-carbon future: European Voice, 21 October The world's future is being decided this weekend: The Observer, 18 October Vital that US and Europe cut emissions, too: Financial Times (letter) 25 September China and India are leading the way. Yes, I'm optimistic: The Guardian, 23 September Lord St ...
... Our low-carbon future: European Voice, 21 October The world's future is being decided this weekend: The Observer, 18 October Vital that US and Europe cut emissions, too: Financial Times (letter) 25 September China and India are leading the way. Yes, I'm optimistic: The Guardian, 23 September Lord St ...
TRADING CARBON DIOXIDE ON THE EUROPEAN CABON MARKET
... through fiscal intervention, and, of course, from companies and industries directly concerned (Convery F. & co., 2008). It seems that Europe was not yet ready for it, and in 1997 it was proposed to withdraw the imposing carbon tax. It should be noted that during discussions on the introduction of fl ...
... through fiscal intervention, and, of course, from companies and industries directly concerned (Convery F. & co., 2008). It seems that Europe was not yet ready for it, and in 1997 it was proposed to withdraw the imposing carbon tax. It should be noted that during discussions on the introduction of fl ...
From Words to Facts: Acting on climate change
... Central America little contributes to climate change, but it [ill endure some of its most negative conseUuences The global [arming [ill increase the magnitude and freUuency of extreme climate events such as droughts that [ill impact the region This is [hy during the upcoming CO4 that [ill be hel ...
... Central America little contributes to climate change, but it [ill endure some of its most negative conseUuences The global [arming [ill increase the magnitude and freUuency of extreme climate events such as droughts that [ill impact the region This is [hy during the upcoming CO4 that [ill be hel ...
Open Access - Lund University Publications
... the issue area of climate change, the objective being to describe and interpret changes in EU climate policy strengths from 1997 to 2008. I will look at the explanatory power of two theories that have potential for explaianing climate policy integration in the EU; liberal intergovernmentalism which ...
... the issue area of climate change, the objective being to describe and interpret changes in EU climate policy strengths from 1997 to 2008. I will look at the explanatory power of two theories that have potential for explaianing climate policy integration in the EU; liberal intergovernmentalism which ...
CMIP5 data provided at the IPCC Data Distribution Centre
... observed recent ocean and sea ice conditions. Both the long- and near-term experiments are conducted using atmosphere–ocean global climate models (AOGCMs), the “standard” models used in previous CMIP phases. The previous exercise was CMIP3 (Meehl et al., 2007), which was analyzed extensively in the ...
... observed recent ocean and sea ice conditions. Both the long- and near-term experiments are conducted using atmosphere–ocean global climate models (AOGCMs), the “standard” models used in previous CMIP phases. The previous exercise was CMIP3 (Meehl et al., 2007), which was analyzed extensively in the ...
Climate Change Impacts on Columbia Basin Tribal Lands
... Hot summer mainstem water temperatures often exceed state standards for salmon. Adult salmon migration delays are more common at Bonneville Dam due to high temperatures (> 68 degF). Fish may stray into cooler tributary streams. Incubation of redds is sooner due to warmer winter water. ...
... Hot summer mainstem water temperatures often exceed state standards for salmon. Adult salmon migration delays are more common at Bonneville Dam due to high temperatures (> 68 degF). Fish may stray into cooler tributary streams. Incubation of redds is sooner due to warmer winter water. ...
The “Turmoil” on “Climate Change”
... terrestrial climate influenced by the probably hotter Sun of a few million years ago. What the scientist wrote in the book in 1862 I reproduce here in his own words in Italics and in brackets [(c) ……….. that most probably the Sun was sensibly hotter a million years ago than he is now. Hence geologic ...
... terrestrial climate influenced by the probably hotter Sun of a few million years ago. What the scientist wrote in the book in 1862 I reproduce here in his own words in Italics and in brackets [(c) ……….. that most probably the Sun was sensibly hotter a million years ago than he is now. Hence geologic ...
Climate hypersensitivity to solar forcing?
... theoretical proof of robustness or empirical studies resolving the eects of individual mechanisms. At this time, it remains possible that climatic change caused by solar variability is modulated mainly by only one of these mechanisms, by a combination of more than one of them, or by mechanisms stil ...
... theoretical proof of robustness or empirical studies resolving the eects of individual mechanisms. At this time, it remains possible that climatic change caused by solar variability is modulated mainly by only one of these mechanisms, by a combination of more than one of them, or by mechanisms stil ...
China’s growth, China’s cities, and the new global low-carbon industrial revolution: October 2010 (239 kB) (opens in new window)
... Cities are well placed to lead the transition to the low-carbon economy. Major cities are already setting strong targets. Cities can deliver low-carbon programmes at scale, e.g., recycling schemes, generation of energy from waste, broadband networks, plugin car points, integrated public transport sy ...
... Cities are well placed to lead the transition to the low-carbon economy. Major cities are already setting strong targets. Cities can deliver low-carbon programmes at scale, e.g., recycling schemes, generation of energy from waste, broadband networks, plugin car points, integrated public transport sy ...
12. Climate Change Rohan Nelson
... Source: Back of the envelope estimate – proportions are similar for Australia ...
... Source: Back of the envelope estimate – proportions are similar for Australia ...
Climate engineering
Climate engineering, also referred to as geoengineering or climate intervention, is the deliberate and large-scale intervention in the Earth’s climatic system with the aim of limiting adverse climate change. Climate engineering is an umbrella term for two types of measures: carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management. Carbon dioxide removal addresses the cause of climate change by removing one of the greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere. Solar radiation management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the Earth to absorb less solar radiation.Climate engineering approaches are sometimes viewed as additional potential options for limiting climate change, alongside mitigation and adaptation. There is substantial agreement among scientists that climate engineering cannot substitute climate change mitigation. Some approaches might be used as accompanying measures to sharp cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. Given that all types of measures addressing climate change have economic, political or physical limitations a some climate engineering approaches might eventually be used as part of an ensemble of measures. Research on costs, benefits, and various types of risks of most climate engineering approaches is at an early stage and their understanding needs to improve to judge their adequacy and feasibility.No known large-scale climate engineering projects have taken place to date. Almost all research into solar geoengineering has consisted of computer modelling or laboratory tests, and attempts to move to real-world experimentation have proved controversial for many types of climate engineering. Some practices, such as planting of trees and whitening of surfaces as well as bio-energy with carbon capture and storage projects are underway, their scalability to effectively affect global climate is however debated. Ocean iron fertilization has been given small-scale research trials, sparking substantial controversy.Most experts and major reports advise against relying on geoengineering techniques as a simple solution to climate change, in part due to the large uncertainties over effectiveness and side effects. However, most experts also argue that the risks of such interventions must be seen in the context of risks of dangerous climate change. Interventions at large scale may run a greater risk disrupting natural systems resulting in a dilemma that those approaches that could prove highly (cost-) effective in addressing extreme climate risk, might themselves cause substantial risk. Some have suggested that the concept of geoengineering the climate presents a moral hazard because it could reduce political and public pressure for emissions reduction, which could exacerbate overall climate risks.Groups such as ETC Group and some climate researchers (such as Raymond Pierrehumbert) are in favour of a moratorium on out-of-doors testing and deployment of SRM.