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Smith et al (2009
Smith et al (2009

... Risks of Large-Scale Discontinuities. This RFC represents the likelihood that certain phenomena (sometimes called singularities or tipping points) would occur, any of which may be accompanied by very large impacts. These phenomena include the deglaciation (partial or complete) of the West Antarctic ...
Investigating climate change vulnerability and planning for adaptation
Investigating climate change vulnerability and planning for adaptation

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Climate Change and the Cryosphere
Climate Change and the Cryosphere

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Transitioning to a Low-Carbon Economy
Transitioning to a Low-Carbon Economy

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Domestic Politics and Global Climate Policy
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... Developments in noncooperative game theory provide a refined perspective of the conditions under which governments or electorates take particular decisions. These approaches assume that governments face domestic constraints, such as the hurdles involved with the formal ratification of international ...
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... Climate Change Adaptation Climate change effects and risks must be mainstreamed into development planning and investment. Most adaptation actions are not new to Viet Nam and are about doing more and better of what would be done without CC. However, several climate change effects are new to specific ...
impact of climate change on agriculture: empirical evidence from
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HB 3528 – People`s Survival Fund for Climate Change
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... is different from other CDR technologies in that it produces energy, instead of only removing CO2 from the air. As a result, it could also replace power plants operating on fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, or natural gas. Energy and climate scientists, like those at the IPCC, are just beginning to u ...
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... government obtains from this carbon market are invested in the priorities of the action plan. The carbon market is, therefore, an integral part of the action plan. Emissions in 2014 were 8 per cent below 1990 level. Transportation, industry and buildings account for more than 85% of the province´s e ...
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Climate Change Trends and Action Report

... accomplished through avoiding direct or indirect impacts from activities that destroy or diminish wetlands and replacing wetland values where avoidance of such activity is not feasible and prudent. With wetlands holding large amounts of carbon and methane, these actions help protect against climate ...
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... different conditions and resources an organism requires to survive and reproduce (Hutchinson 1957), changes to environmental factors will result in range shifts of those species. Water temperature is one of the most important environmental factors influencing stream fish habitat and assemblage patte ...
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... CO2 fertilization, some of the desert regions are predicted to increase in size (S. Africa, China/Mongolia, and N. Africa), while others decrease. Smaller desert areas tend to have the greatest percent change in area. The relative change in desert area predicted for the different models shows substa ...
Underwater: The Need for Massachusetts to Become Climate Ready
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... increased flow will inundate the sewer system, due to lack of surfaces to absorb the water. These major weather events stand to cause billions of dollars of damage to infrastructure and ecosystems, impacting both private and public assets. Some needs are immediate, calling for near-term action, whil ...
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The GEF and Climate Change - Global Environment Facility

... jeopardizing livelihoods across the globe. The climate is a vital Earth system, that if compromised will put everyone’s future prosperity and well-being at risk. Urgent action is needed to drastically cut greenhouse gas emissions, invest in adaptation and build resilience to the growing impacts of o ...
Environmental Variability and Climate Change
Environmental Variability and Climate Change

... WE LIVE IN UNUSUAL TIMES . Greenhouse ...
Climate Change Effects and Adaptation Approaches in Freshwater
Climate Change Effects and Adaptation Approaches in Freshwater

... This Phase 1 draft final report provides a first-ever compilation of what is known—and not known— about climate change effects on freshwater aquatic and riparian ecosystems in the geographic extent of the North Pacific Landscape Conservation Cooperative (NPLCC). The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service fu ...
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Climate engineering



Climate engineering, also referred to as geoengineering or climate intervention, is the deliberate and large-scale intervention in the Earth’s climatic system with the aim of limiting adverse climate change. Climate engineering is an umbrella term for two types of measures: carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management. Carbon dioxide removal addresses the cause of climate change by removing one of the greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere. Solar radiation management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the Earth to absorb less solar radiation.Climate engineering approaches are sometimes viewed as additional potential options for limiting climate change, alongside mitigation and adaptation. There is substantial agreement among scientists that climate engineering cannot substitute climate change mitigation. Some approaches might be used as accompanying measures to sharp cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. Given that all types of measures addressing climate change have economic, political or physical limitations a some climate engineering approaches might eventually be used as part of an ensemble of measures. Research on costs, benefits, and various types of risks of most climate engineering approaches is at an early stage and their understanding needs to improve to judge their adequacy and feasibility.No known large-scale climate engineering projects have taken place to date. Almost all research into solar geoengineering has consisted of computer modelling or laboratory tests, and attempts to move to real-world experimentation have proved controversial for many types of climate engineering. Some practices, such as planting of trees and whitening of surfaces as well as bio-energy with carbon capture and storage projects are underway, their scalability to effectively affect global climate is however debated. Ocean iron fertilization has been given small-scale research trials, sparking substantial controversy.Most experts and major reports advise against relying on geoengineering techniques as a simple solution to climate change, in part due to the large uncertainties over effectiveness and side effects. However, most experts also argue that the risks of such interventions must be seen in the context of risks of dangerous climate change. Interventions at large scale may run a greater risk disrupting natural systems resulting in a dilemma that those approaches that could prove highly (cost-) effective in addressing extreme climate risk, might themselves cause substantial risk. Some have suggested that the concept of geoengineering the climate presents a moral hazard because it could reduce political and public pressure for emissions reduction, which could exacerbate overall climate risks.Groups such as ETC Group and some climate researchers (such as Raymond Pierrehumbert) are in favour of a moratorium on out-of-doors testing and deployment of SRM.
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