engineering challenges for coastal infrastructure/docks with regard
... Boyd (1976) presents a paper summarizing how the air freezing and thawing indices are calculated based on normal monthly temperatures. The freezing/thawing indices are used in foundation design (e.g. assessing frost heave), but can also be used to assess thermal regimes in permafrost conditions by ...
... Boyd (1976) presents a paper summarizing how the air freezing and thawing indices are calculated based on normal monthly temperatures. The freezing/thawing indices are used in foundation design (e.g. assessing frost heave), but can also be used to assess thermal regimes in permafrost conditions by ...
Link-Securitization - Open Evidence Archive
... resources in a given area. For human societies, however, carrying capacity has no real meaning unless consumption, technology, and a whole host of social variables are set at fixed levels (Cohen 1995). Viewing technology, consumption, and all social variables as fixed is implicit in the limits persp ...
... resources in a given area. For human societies, however, carrying capacity has no real meaning unless consumption, technology, and a whole host of social variables are set at fixed levels (Cohen 1995). Viewing technology, consumption, and all social variables as fixed is implicit in the limits persp ...
climate change and water quality in the great lakes region
... 4.1.12 Tainting of Fish and Wildlife Flavour............................................................96 4.2 Summary ..................................................................................................................................96 ...
... 4.1.12 Tainting of Fish and Wildlife Flavour............................................................96 4.2 Summary ..................................................................................................................................96 ...
Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme Green Paper
... paints a clear picture. Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as evident from a wide range of measurements. Numerous other changes have been observed in changes to wind patterns, rainfall, sea ice, ice sheets, and in aspects of extreme weather. It is very likely that greenhouse gas increases ...
... paints a clear picture. Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as evident from a wide range of measurements. Numerous other changes have been observed in changes to wind patterns, rainfall, sea ice, ice sheets, and in aspects of extreme weather. It is very likely that greenhouse gas increases ...
Climate Change Effects and Impacts Assessment
... decision-making, building control, emergency management and provision of infrastructure and community services. Local authorities own community assets that may be vulnerable to climate change effects. In 2007, the IPCC concluded that most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since ...
... decision-making, building control, emergency management and provision of infrastructure and community services. Local authorities own community assets that may be vulnerable to climate change effects. In 2007, the IPCC concluded that most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since ...
Egypt`s National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate
... were classified as more vulnerable to climate change and more prone to the damage it may cause, both on the short and long term. This eventually helped raise the alarm, and exposed the looming risks and imminent events. However, reality was different. Indeed, the world was shocked by the aggressive ...
... were classified as more vulnerable to climate change and more prone to the damage it may cause, both on the short and long term. This eventually helped raise the alarm, and exposed the looming risks and imminent events. However, reality was different. Indeed, the world was shocked by the aggressive ...
Global Climate Projections
... system parameters complement expert judgement. New results corroborate those given in the Third Assessment Report (TAR). Continued greenhouse gas emissions at or above current rates will cause further warming and induce many changes in the global climate system during the 21st century that would ver ...
... system parameters complement expert judgement. New results corroborate those given in the Third Assessment Report (TAR). Continued greenhouse gas emissions at or above current rates will cause further warming and induce many changes in the global climate system during the 21st century that would ver ...
Decision-support tools for climate change mitigation planning
... Cost-benefit analysis provides a framework for organising information in support of decisions about the allocation of resources. Its appeal lies in (i) the comparability of the estimates of costs and benefits, as they are all expressed in monetary terms, and (ii) the notion that all perspectives are ...
... Cost-benefit analysis provides a framework for organising information in support of decisions about the allocation of resources. Its appeal lies in (i) the comparability of the estimates of costs and benefits, as they are all expressed in monetary terms, and (ii) the notion that all perspectives are ...
Climate Change Vulnerability Of Mountain
... climate change adaptation, with a view to developing a future strategy on both conservation and development. This report also identifies actions that could be taken to reduce the region’s vulnerability, and summarises data and research priorities needed to guide interventions addressing climate chan ...
... climate change adaptation, with a view to developing a future strategy on both conservation and development. This report also identifies actions that could be taken to reduce the region’s vulnerability, and summarises data and research priorities needed to guide interventions addressing climate chan ...
The Response of Precipitation Minus Evapotranspiration
... warming climate, following the Clausius–Clapeyron relation at roughly constant relative humidity [a similar mechanism was termed the direct moisture effect by Chou and Neelin (2004)]. The dynamical contribution to precipitation changes is also important locally (Xie et al. 2010; Huang et al. 2013; C ...
... warming climate, following the Clausius–Clapeyron relation at roughly constant relative humidity [a similar mechanism was termed the direct moisture effect by Chou and Neelin (2004)]. The dynamical contribution to precipitation changes is also important locally (Xie et al. 2010; Huang et al. 2013; C ...
Climate Change and Switzerland 2050
... winter on the Ackermannstrasse down the Zürichberg, just under the Central Meteorological Institute (MZA; MeteoSwiss today). In the meantime, a lot has changed. Sledge rides in Zurich, in the midlands and in the foothills of the Alps are hardly possible anymore. But also the increase in road traffic ...
... winter on the Ackermannstrasse down the Zürichberg, just under the Central Meteorological Institute (MZA; MeteoSwiss today). In the meantime, a lot has changed. Sledge rides in Zurich, in the midlands and in the foothills of the Alps are hardly possible anymore. But also the increase in road traffic ...
Costs of Adaptation Related to Industrial and Municipal Water
... irrigation is considered in the EACC study as part of agricultural sector work. Hence, in this paper we assume no changes in agricultural water demand in order to avoid double-counting. It should also be noted that coastal and estuarine water resource issues are not considered here, since they too a ...
... irrigation is considered in the EACC study as part of agricultural sector work. Hence, in this paper we assume no changes in agricultural water demand in order to avoid double-counting. It should also be noted that coastal and estuarine water resource issues are not considered here, since they too a ...
Exhaustible resource consumption and lessons for
... Karwat, 2011). To examine the significance of strategic interactions, it would be effective to have more than two decision-makers in a model (Kolstad and Ulph, 2008). Using three time periods allows me to compare the consequences of early and late adjustment, so I can therefore discern the value of ...
... Karwat, 2011). To examine the significance of strategic interactions, it would be effective to have more than two decision-makers in a model (Kolstad and Ulph, 2008). Using three time periods allows me to compare the consequences of early and late adjustment, so I can therefore discern the value of ...
(CCS) and Climate Change Mitigation
... see a dilemma in designing medium- to long-term policy on carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction: while climate science suggests that substantial CO2 reduction (i.e., more than half the current human emissions) might be necessary worldwide in the long term, many national governments are currently facing gri ...
... see a dilemma in designing medium- to long-term policy on carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction: while climate science suggests that substantial CO2 reduction (i.e., more than half the current human emissions) might be necessary worldwide in the long term, many national governments are currently facing gri ...
UK`s Second Biennial Report
... The direct GHGs have different impacts on the atmosphere and are therefore assigned a global warming potential (GWP). The GWP is a means of providing a simple measure of the relative effects of the emissions of the various gases when compared with CO2 which has a GWP of 1. Once the emissions of GHGs ...
... The direct GHGs have different impacts on the atmosphere and are therefore assigned a global warming potential (GWP). The GWP is a means of providing a simple measure of the relative effects of the emissions of the various gases when compared with CO2 which has a GWP of 1. Once the emissions of GHGs ...
Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre Act, 2015
... Developing States (SIDS) which was convened in Bridgetown, Barbados in 1994 concluded that Small Island Developing States (SIDS) have very specific environmental and developmental needs due to their ecological fragility and vulnerability as well as their peculiar constraints in attempting to achieve ...
... Developing States (SIDS) which was convened in Bridgetown, Barbados in 1994 concluded that Small Island Developing States (SIDS) have very specific environmental and developmental needs due to their ecological fragility and vulnerability as well as their peculiar constraints in attempting to achieve ...
Early-Holocene warming in Beringia and its mediation by sea
... Serreze et al., 2007) and with projected future global climate changes (e.g., Collins et al., 2013). The distribution and physiological status of vegetation, combined with other features of the terrestrial surface, significantly influence energy, water, and carbon exchange between the land and the a ...
... Serreze et al., 2007) and with projected future global climate changes (e.g., Collins et al., 2013). The distribution and physiological status of vegetation, combined with other features of the terrestrial surface, significantly influence energy, water, and carbon exchange between the land and the a ...
The impact of climate change on dairy production
... The dairy sector is an important contributor to the economic activity on the IOI. The export value of dairy products from the ROI exceeded 3 billion in 2014 (Bord Bia, 2015) and totalled £390 million for NI. The ending of the EU milk quota system in April 2015 presents new opportunities for growth i ...
... The dairy sector is an important contributor to the economic activity on the IOI. The export value of dairy products from the ROI exceeded 3 billion in 2014 (Bord Bia, 2015) and totalled £390 million for NI. The ending of the EU milk quota system in April 2015 presents new opportunities for growth i ...
Zimbabwe and the United Nations Framework Convention on
... governance structures and procedures are not so obvious. Furthermore, their more limited experience in the international arena often leaves them less able to identify where their long-term interests lie in negotiations over the form and function of these international institutions. Their ability to ...
... governance structures and procedures are not so obvious. Furthermore, their more limited experience in the international arena often leaves them less able to identify where their long-term interests lie in negotiations over the form and function of these international institutions. Their ability to ...
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... as they continuously seek to internalise climate risks in their activities. Despite its theoretical potential, very little is actually known about how microfinance interacts with adaptation in practice Through the provision of credit and other financial services microfinance helps the poor develop a ...
... as they continuously seek to internalise climate risks in their activities. Despite its theoretical potential, very little is actually known about how microfinance interacts with adaptation in practice Through the provision of credit and other financial services microfinance helps the poor develop a ...
Building on the Montreal Protocol`s Success and Facing
... CFCs, found in products such as refrigerants, were the prime motivation for global action to protect the Earth’s ozone layer as a result of scientific evidence showing their production and consumption were destroying this thin, gassy shield and putting the public at greater risk of skin cancers and ...
... CFCs, found in products such as refrigerants, were the prime motivation for global action to protect the Earth’s ozone layer as a result of scientific evidence showing their production and consumption were destroying this thin, gassy shield and putting the public at greater risk of skin cancers and ...
DownloadTéléchargez - Canadian Institute of Planners
... climate change, one thing is clear – cities and towns everywhere will be exposed to significant climate change-driven impacts. All of us will need to play a role in helping to adapt to these changes. It is also widely accepted that cities are major producers of the greenhouse gas emissions that cont ...
... climate change, one thing is clear – cities and towns everywhere will be exposed to significant climate change-driven impacts. All of us will need to play a role in helping to adapt to these changes. It is also widely accepted that cities are major producers of the greenhouse gas emissions that cont ...
Climate Change Scenarios for the Congo Basin
... It is impossible to use all 77 climate change scenarios for the impact analyses so instead we used a rather representative subset of climate scenarios. Most of the assessments were based on six different global climate change scenarios; however for some studies like the analysis of the forest carbon ...
... It is impossible to use all 77 climate change scenarios for the impact analyses so instead we used a rather representative subset of climate scenarios. Most of the assessments were based on six different global climate change scenarios; however for some studies like the analysis of the forest carbon ...
Emerging approaches for responding to climate change in African
... facilitates adaptation and brings global benefits emphasise the importance of removing trade distortions, such as subsidies. However, others point out that adaptation in developing countries through increasing trade would be severely constrained by limited buying power. Meanwhile, climate change is ...
... facilitates adaptation and brings global benefits emphasise the importance of removing trade distortions, such as subsidies. However, others point out that adaptation in developing countries through increasing trade would be severely constrained by limited buying power. Meanwhile, climate change is ...
Resilience to natural hazards: How useful is this concept?
... large investments or one that results in a situation that would be very costly to change as knowledge increases is unlikely to be optimal. A key point about any of the aforementioned strategies is that they involve more than the implementation of a set of technical measures. Hazard risk reduction an ...
... large investments or one that results in a situation that would be very costly to change as knowledge increases is unlikely to be optimal. A key point about any of the aforementioned strategies is that they involve more than the implementation of a set of technical measures. Hazard risk reduction an ...
Climate engineering
Climate engineering, also referred to as geoengineering or climate intervention, is the deliberate and large-scale intervention in the Earth’s climatic system with the aim of limiting adverse climate change. Climate engineering is an umbrella term for two types of measures: carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management. Carbon dioxide removal addresses the cause of climate change by removing one of the greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere. Solar radiation management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the Earth to absorb less solar radiation.Climate engineering approaches are sometimes viewed as additional potential options for limiting climate change, alongside mitigation and adaptation. There is substantial agreement among scientists that climate engineering cannot substitute climate change mitigation. Some approaches might be used as accompanying measures to sharp cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. Given that all types of measures addressing climate change have economic, political or physical limitations a some climate engineering approaches might eventually be used as part of an ensemble of measures. Research on costs, benefits, and various types of risks of most climate engineering approaches is at an early stage and their understanding needs to improve to judge their adequacy and feasibility.No known large-scale climate engineering projects have taken place to date. Almost all research into solar geoengineering has consisted of computer modelling or laboratory tests, and attempts to move to real-world experimentation have proved controversial for many types of climate engineering. Some practices, such as planting of trees and whitening of surfaces as well as bio-energy with carbon capture and storage projects are underway, their scalability to effectively affect global climate is however debated. Ocean iron fertilization has been given small-scale research trials, sparking substantial controversy.Most experts and major reports advise against relying on geoengineering techniques as a simple solution to climate change, in part due to the large uncertainties over effectiveness and side effects. However, most experts also argue that the risks of such interventions must be seen in the context of risks of dangerous climate change. Interventions at large scale may run a greater risk disrupting natural systems resulting in a dilemma that those approaches that could prove highly (cost-) effective in addressing extreme climate risk, might themselves cause substantial risk. Some have suggested that the concept of geoengineering the climate presents a moral hazard because it could reduce political and public pressure for emissions reduction, which could exacerbate overall climate risks.Groups such as ETC Group and some climate researchers (such as Raymond Pierrehumbert) are in favour of a moratorium on out-of-doors testing and deployment of SRM.