Vol.11, No.2, 2011
... which was obtained from observations of the geographical little attention. It is the ... strong fling from the eruptive colspread of the twilight phenomena occurring after the Auumn of Krakatoa of a vast stream of smoke due west with gust 1883 eruption of the Indonesian island of Krakatoa. The great ...
... which was obtained from observations of the geographical little attention. It is the ... strong fling from the eruptive colspread of the twilight phenomena occurring after the Auumn of Krakatoa of a vast stream of smoke due west with gust 1883 eruption of the Indonesian island of Krakatoa. The great ...
08-06
... and oceanic GCMs. These models integrate multiple equations, typically including surface pressure; horizontal layered components of fluid velocity and temperature; solar short wave radiation and terrestrial infra-red and long wave radiation; convection; land surface processes; albedo; hydrology; clo ...
... and oceanic GCMs. These models integrate multiple equations, typically including surface pressure; horizontal layered components of fluid velocity and temperature; solar short wave radiation and terrestrial infra-red and long wave radiation; convection; land surface processes; albedo; hydrology; clo ...
Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions
... and plays a critical role in the success of a cap and trade program. Thus, it is crucial that greenhouse gas emissions registries accurately assess how many allowances are needed. If the registry number is higher than actual emissions, emitters will receive more allowances than they need and can sel ...
... and plays a critical role in the success of a cap and trade program. Thus, it is crucial that greenhouse gas emissions registries accurately assess how many allowances are needed. If the registry number is higher than actual emissions, emitters will receive more allowances than they need and can sel ...
Washington`s New World Order Weapons Have
... potentially be applied by the US military to selectively modify the climate of an "unfriendly nation" or "rogue state" with a view to destabilizing its national economy. Agricultural systems in both developed and developing countries are already in crisis as a result of New World Order policies incl ...
... potentially be applied by the US military to selectively modify the climate of an "unfriendly nation" or "rogue state" with a view to destabilizing its national economy. Agricultural systems in both developed and developing countries are already in crisis as a result of New World Order policies incl ...
The Point of No Return - Exploring Law on Cross
... and international actors are obliged to respect and ensure respect for their obligations under international law so as to prevent and avoid conditions that might lead to displacement (see for example 1998 UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, Principle 5). Mitigation of climate change is a ...
... and international actors are obliged to respect and ensure respect for their obligations under international law so as to prevent and avoid conditions that might lead to displacement (see for example 1998 UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, Principle 5). Mitigation of climate change is a ...
chasing coral
... Ask students to hypothesize about how the world’s climate could change over the next 100 years if humans do nothing to limit the levels of their greenhouse gas emissions. Have them also make predictions about the effects such climate changes could have on humans. Ask students to write two or three p ...
... Ask students to hypothesize about how the world’s climate could change over the next 100 years if humans do nothing to limit the levels of their greenhouse gas emissions. Have them also make predictions about the effects such climate changes could have on humans. Ask students to write two or three p ...
The Really InconvenIenT TRuTh oR “IT aIn`T
... Although there is agreement among scientists that global temperatures have been rising (around 0.8°C in the past 150 years), that CO2 is a greenhouse gas, that CO2 concentrations have been rising; that other things being equal a doubling in CO2 concentration would on its own generate about a 1°C inc ...
... Although there is agreement among scientists that global temperatures have been rising (around 0.8°C in the past 150 years), that CO2 is a greenhouse gas, that CO2 concentrations have been rising; that other things being equal a doubling in CO2 concentration would on its own generate about a 1°C inc ...
the bali action plan: key issues in the climate negotiations
... countries, these should be in the form of commitments to absolute emission reductions. For developing countries, mitigation actions need to be developed in a bottom-up manner to achieve reductions relative to baseline emissions, and be supported by technology and finance. There are a number of speci ...
... countries, these should be in the form of commitments to absolute emission reductions. For developing countries, mitigation actions need to be developed in a bottom-up manner to achieve reductions relative to baseline emissions, and be supported by technology and finance. There are a number of speci ...
here - Displacement Solutions
... where no other option is available, resettlement should be carried out in conformity with international human rights standards. ...
... where no other option is available, resettlement should be carried out in conformity with international human rights standards. ...
Theoretical mechanism for natural radiative forcing of El Nino
... Composite Nino3 (100 realizations of CZ model) 40 year smooth ...
... Composite Nino3 (100 realizations of CZ model) 40 year smooth ...
How can decision-makers in developing countries incorporate uncertainty about future climate risks into existing planning and policymaking processes? (424 kB) (opens in new window)
... more exposed to hazards and risks rarely before experienced. For some, these risks seem remote. But if climate change is not considered upfront in existing planning and policy-making processes today, decision-makers risk locking-in future impacts that may prove irreversible or much more costly and d ...
... more exposed to hazards and risks rarely before experienced. For some, these risks seem remote. But if climate change is not considered upfront in existing planning and policy-making processes today, decision-makers risk locking-in future impacts that may prove irreversible or much more costly and d ...
Analysis of trends in temperature and rainfall in selected
... emissions is largely irreversible for hundreds of years after the emissions have stopped. Consequently, it is highly likely that significant increase in frequencies of climate extremes will be experienced for a long time, e.g. reduction of dry season rainfall and prolonged droughts in some regions, ...
... emissions is largely irreversible for hundreds of years after the emissions have stopped. Consequently, it is highly likely that significant increase in frequencies of climate extremes will be experienced for a long time, e.g. reduction of dry season rainfall and prolonged droughts in some regions, ...
Philosophy of Climate Science Part II: Modelling
... calibrate the parameter of a climate model, can the same data be used again to confirm it? If data are used for confirmation which have not already been used before for calibration, they are usenovel. If data are used for both calibration and confirmation, this amounts to double-counting. This raise ...
... calibrate the parameter of a climate model, can the same data be used again to confirm it? If data are used for confirmation which have not already been used before for calibration, they are usenovel. If data are used for both calibration and confirmation, this amounts to double-counting. This raise ...
DOC version - New Zealand climate change information
... Fiordland Marine Management Act Marine pollution regulations Kermadec Ocean Sanctuary About the sanctuary Videos Photos Marine pages for kids New Zealand’s ocean environment The importance of oceans to New Zealand The effects of human impacts How you can reduce marine pollution ...
... Fiordland Marine Management Act Marine pollution regulations Kermadec Ocean Sanctuary About the sanctuary Videos Photos Marine pages for kids New Zealand’s ocean environment The importance of oceans to New Zealand The effects of human impacts How you can reduce marine pollution ...
www.ssoar.info How earth science has become a social science
... central Arizona, studied by hydrologist Leonard Konikow, a groundwater model that had been calibrated on the basis of 41 years of historical data – an amount of data that most hydrologists would consider good – failed almost as soon as it was implemented. Why did the model fail? Prior to the model c ...
... central Arizona, studied by hydrologist Leonard Konikow, a groundwater model that had been calibrated on the basis of 41 years of historical data – an amount of data that most hydrologists would consider good – failed almost as soon as it was implemented. Why did the model fail? Prior to the model c ...
EU cities and regions leading the way against climate change
... Local and sub-national governments need support, empowerment and stable policy frameworks to optimize their engagement and leadership. They can also inspire national-level policymaking to raise and complement pre-2020 ambitions at the national and global level. The partnership between government lev ...
... Local and sub-national governments need support, empowerment and stable policy frameworks to optimize their engagement and leadership. They can also inspire national-level policymaking to raise and complement pre-2020 ambitions at the national and global level. The partnership between government lev ...
Here - Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.
... The climate in the Ecuadorian Andes is governed by various large-scale climate processes (Vuille et al., 2000). In the south-west, the Pacific Humboldt current provides cool and dry air masses, which lead to a semi-arid climate. Further north along the Pacific coast, a tropical humid climate is indu ...
... The climate in the Ecuadorian Andes is governed by various large-scale climate processes (Vuille et al., 2000). In the south-west, the Pacific Humboldt current provides cool and dry air masses, which lead to a semi-arid climate. Further north along the Pacific coast, a tropical humid climate is indu ...
Supreme Court of United States
... 737, 752 (1984) (“the law of Article III standing is built on a single basic idea—the idea of separation of powers”). “To permit a complainant who has no concrete injury to require a court to rule” on important questions of national—or even international—importance “would create the potential for ab ...
... 737, 752 (1984) (“the law of Article III standing is built on a single basic idea—the idea of separation of powers”). “To permit a complainant who has no concrete injury to require a court to rule” on important questions of national—or even international—importance “would create the potential for ab ...
Title Climate change awareness in a developing nations` second
... indicate that warming of the climate system is unequivocal (IPCC, 2007; IPCC, 2013). As greenhouse gas concentrations continue to rise due to human activity, global temperatures are expected to rise further, with many potential associated effects on global climate. Even if efforts to reduce global e ...
... indicate that warming of the climate system is unequivocal (IPCC, 2007; IPCC, 2013). As greenhouse gas concentrations continue to rise due to human activity, global temperatures are expected to rise further, with many potential associated effects on global climate. Even if efforts to reduce global e ...
Climate Change and British Woodland
... warming of some 3–5 ºC over the coming century. This magnitude and rate of change has not occurred since before the last ice age. The implications of this level of temperature change are further highlighted by the observation that, during the last ice age, mean northern hemisphere temperatures were ...
... warming of some 3–5 ºC over the coming century. This magnitude and rate of change has not occurred since before the last ice age. The implications of this level of temperature change are further highlighted by the observation that, during the last ice age, mean northern hemisphere temperatures were ...
Influences of Climate on Ontario Forests
... potential distribution of major biomes under predicted climate change, defined by the Mapped AtmospherePlant-Soil System (MAPSS) model (Neilson 1993). The present climate is provided by the climate database of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) (Leemans and Cramer 1991) ...
... potential distribution of major biomes under predicted climate change, defined by the Mapped AtmospherePlant-Soil System (MAPSS) model (Neilson 1993). The present climate is provided by the climate database of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) (Leemans and Cramer 1991) ...
the Transcript ()
... Well, we are mostly worried about sea level rising if the Greenland Ice Cap melts. One of the issues with ice melting. We have observations that the warming is affecting the amount of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean. If all the sea ice in the Arctic Ocean melts, it won’t raise sea level at all, because ...
... Well, we are mostly worried about sea level rising if the Greenland Ice Cap melts. One of the issues with ice melting. We have observations that the warming is affecting the amount of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean. If all the sea ice in the Arctic Ocean melts, it won’t raise sea level at all, because ...
a draft strategy towards climate change action plans for
... its greenhouse gas emissions by 30% by the year 2030, relative to its 2005 emissions, under the EU 2030 emissions targets published by the European Commission in July 2016. Ireland has also received some margins for flexibility: 4% flexibility through emissions trading and a 5.6% flexibility from la ...
... its greenhouse gas emissions by 30% by the year 2030, relative to its 2005 emissions, under the EU 2030 emissions targets published by the European Commission in July 2016. Ireland has also received some margins for flexibility: 4% flexibility through emissions trading and a 5.6% flexibility from la ...
Building Resilience and Reducing Emissions
... in GHG emissions. Hence, without offsetting measures, broad-based growth initiatives alone can have severe negative impacts on the environment. Meeting LAC’s development goals while contributing to stabilizing the planet’s climate will require large investments in mitigation. Box 1. IPCC definitions ...
... in GHG emissions. Hence, without offsetting measures, broad-based growth initiatives alone can have severe negative impacts on the environment. Meeting LAC’s development goals while contributing to stabilizing the planet’s climate will require large investments in mitigation. Box 1. IPCC definitions ...
Climate engineering
Climate engineering, also referred to as geoengineering or climate intervention, is the deliberate and large-scale intervention in the Earth’s climatic system with the aim of limiting adverse climate change. Climate engineering is an umbrella term for two types of measures: carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management. Carbon dioxide removal addresses the cause of climate change by removing one of the greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere. Solar radiation management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the Earth to absorb less solar radiation.Climate engineering approaches are sometimes viewed as additional potential options for limiting climate change, alongside mitigation and adaptation. There is substantial agreement among scientists that climate engineering cannot substitute climate change mitigation. Some approaches might be used as accompanying measures to sharp cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. Given that all types of measures addressing climate change have economic, political or physical limitations a some climate engineering approaches might eventually be used as part of an ensemble of measures. Research on costs, benefits, and various types of risks of most climate engineering approaches is at an early stage and their understanding needs to improve to judge their adequacy and feasibility.No known large-scale climate engineering projects have taken place to date. Almost all research into solar geoengineering has consisted of computer modelling or laboratory tests, and attempts to move to real-world experimentation have proved controversial for many types of climate engineering. Some practices, such as planting of trees and whitening of surfaces as well as bio-energy with carbon capture and storage projects are underway, their scalability to effectively affect global climate is however debated. Ocean iron fertilization has been given small-scale research trials, sparking substantial controversy.Most experts and major reports advise against relying on geoengineering techniques as a simple solution to climate change, in part due to the large uncertainties over effectiveness and side effects. However, most experts also argue that the risks of such interventions must be seen in the context of risks of dangerous climate change. Interventions at large scale may run a greater risk disrupting natural systems resulting in a dilemma that those approaches that could prove highly (cost-) effective in addressing extreme climate risk, might themselves cause substantial risk. Some have suggested that the concept of geoengineering the climate presents a moral hazard because it could reduce political and public pressure for emissions reduction, which could exacerbate overall climate risks.Groups such as ETC Group and some climate researchers (such as Raymond Pierrehumbert) are in favour of a moratorium on out-of-doors testing and deployment of SRM.