Microsoft Word
... in a simplification of the regression coefficients’ interpretation, particularly referring to their algebraic signs. The question on the weather statements was as followed: “If you look at the time you spent working at your farm, how strongly would you agree with the following statements with respe ...
... in a simplification of the regression coefficients’ interpretation, particularly referring to their algebraic signs. The question on the weather statements was as followed: “If you look at the time you spent working at your farm, how strongly would you agree with the following statements with respe ...
The Climate and Cryosphere
... The term “cryosphere” collectively describes the portions of the Earth's surface where water is in a solid form and describes the elements of the earth system containing water in its frozen state and includes sea ice, lake and river ice, snow cover, solid precipitation, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheet ...
... The term “cryosphere” collectively describes the portions of the Earth's surface where water is in a solid form and describes the elements of the earth system containing water in its frozen state and includes sea ice, lake and river ice, snow cover, solid precipitation, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheet ...
Climate change, plant diseases and food security, an overview
... excessive amounts of irrigation can cause salination problems directly or through sea water ingress. This has direct effects on crop production but also many indirect effects through effects on pest, pathogen and beneficial microbe interaction as many abiotic stress mechanisms are also biotic stress ...
... excessive amounts of irrigation can cause salination problems directly or through sea water ingress. This has direct effects on crop production but also many indirect effects through effects on pest, pathogen and beneficial microbe interaction as many abiotic stress mechanisms are also biotic stress ...
NATURAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND GLOBAL WARMING
... Crucifix, this volume). In the tropics, the changes in orbital forcing were manifested in large-scale circulation changes involving monsoon systems (as discussed further below) and these resulted in dramatic hydrologic changes with important consequences for regional hydrology and societies living i ...
... Crucifix, this volume). In the tropics, the changes in orbital forcing were manifested in large-scale circulation changes involving monsoon systems (as discussed further below) and these resulted in dramatic hydrologic changes with important consequences for regional hydrology and societies living i ...
Cold surge activity over the Gulf of Mexico in a warmer climate
... year), which compares fairly well with the 23 cases/year obtained with the NCAR/NCEP reanalysis (Kalnay et al., 1996)for the same 1980–1989 period (Magaña et al., 2003). For the future climate simulation, the model generates around 283 cold surges in 10 years (around 28 cold surges per year), which ...
... year), which compares fairly well with the 23 cases/year obtained with the NCAR/NCEP reanalysis (Kalnay et al., 1996)for the same 1980–1989 period (Magaña et al., 2003). For the future climate simulation, the model generates around 283 cold surges in 10 years (around 28 cold surges per year), which ...
22. Predictions and Projections of Pine Productivity and Hydrology
... and maximum air temperature, total precipitation, and solar radiation) and species-specific process coefficients to predict evapotranspiration (ET), water drainage and net primary productivity (NPP) from the stand level (< one hectare (ha)) to a 0.5° x 0.5° grid cell resolution (approximately 50 x 7 ...
... and maximum air temperature, total precipitation, and solar radiation) and species-specific process coefficients to predict evapotranspiration (ET), water drainage and net primary productivity (NPP) from the stand level (< one hectare (ha)) to a 0.5° x 0.5° grid cell resolution (approximately 50 x 7 ...
S1 File.
... practices in southwestern and eastern Ontario (3). A longer growing season, as a result of climate change, may increase the suitability of grasslands for agriculture, increasing habitat loss for eastern meadowlarks. In these areas, nesting success is related to the timing of the first cut of hay (4) ...
... practices in southwestern and eastern Ontario (3). A longer growing season, as a result of climate change, may increase the suitability of grasslands for agriculture, increasing habitat loss for eastern meadowlarks. In these areas, nesting success is related to the timing of the first cut of hay (4) ...
“There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming
... Whilst there is some uncertainty surrounding climate change and the associated risks, this is being reduced as better information becomes available. The risk of not acting in good time is ever present. Failing to plan for the future could potentially increase risk and incur higher costs and more dis ...
... Whilst there is some uncertainty surrounding climate change and the associated risks, this is being reduced as better information becomes available. The risk of not acting in good time is ever present. Failing to plan for the future could potentially increase risk and incur higher costs and more dis ...
Newsletter of the Atmospheric Sciences Section
... studies of the impacts of forest fire smoke on surface temperature, and by writing about policy implications, I am proud to have been part of the team that warned the world of the danger of the use of nuclear weapons. Nuclear winter theory led to a vigorous discussion of the direct effects of the us ...
... studies of the impacts of forest fire smoke on surface temperature, and by writing about policy implications, I am proud to have been part of the team that warned the world of the danger of the use of nuclear weapons. Nuclear winter theory led to a vigorous discussion of the direct effects of the us ...
Climate Change
... Main (man-made) greenhouse gases Carbon dioxide is not the only greenhouse gas, but it is the main contributor to warming. Other important greenhouse gases include nitrous oxide and methane, both of which have increased in the last century. • The concentration of carbon dioxide has increased primari ...
... Main (man-made) greenhouse gases Carbon dioxide is not the only greenhouse gas, but it is the main contributor to warming. Other important greenhouse gases include nitrous oxide and methane, both of which have increased in the last century. • The concentration of carbon dioxide has increased primari ...
PDF
... despite production decreases if commodity prices rise as a response. According to their spatial results, income in Austria declines in intensive arable regions but increases in extensive grassland areas in the Alpine regions. There findings generally indicate a shift of payments from intensive to ex ...
... despite production decreases if commodity prices rise as a response. According to their spatial results, income in Austria declines in intensive arable regions but increases in extensive grassland areas in the Alpine regions. There findings generally indicate a shift of payments from intensive to ex ...
Tuesday 8 Wednesday 9 Thursday 10 Friday 11 — — — — —
... Vulnerabilities for the Allocation of Resources With Gaël Giraud, Chief Economist, Executive Research Director at AFD Climate Generations AreaS, Room 1 ...
... Vulnerabilities for the Allocation of Resources With Gaël Giraud, Chief Economist, Executive Research Director at AFD Climate Generations AreaS, Room 1 ...
Calculating the global
... where TH is the time horizon over which the calculation is considered; ax is the radiative efficiency due to a unit increase in atmospheric abundance of the substance (i.e., Wm−2 kg−1) and [x(t)] is the time-dependent decay in abundance of the substance following an instantaneous release of it at ti ...
... where TH is the time horizon over which the calculation is considered; ax is the radiative efficiency due to a unit increase in atmospheric abundance of the substance (i.e., Wm−2 kg−1) and [x(t)] is the time-dependent decay in abundance of the substance following an instantaneous release of it at ti ...
Carbon Commons - University of Chicago Law School
... time it is repartitioned between the atmosphere, the ocean and the nearsurface materials of the land. That portion that remains in the atmosphere causes global warming and other forms of climate disruption, while that portion which enters the ocean causes ocean acidification. Allocation of the globa ...
... time it is repartitioned between the atmosphere, the ocean and the nearsurface materials of the land. That portion that remains in the atmosphere causes global warming and other forms of climate disruption, while that portion which enters the ocean causes ocean acidification. Allocation of the globa ...
Procedural Rights as a Crucial Tool to Combat Climate Change
... existing international environmental law and the non-existence of a specifically focused international environmental court. The central institutions for multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) are meetings of the parties whose primary task is to evaluate implementation and evolution of the trea ...
... existing international environmental law and the non-existence of a specifically focused international environmental court. The central institutions for multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) are meetings of the parties whose primary task is to evaluate implementation and evolution of the trea ...
Estimating the impact of traffic on the UTLS QUANTIFY
... Central and Eastern Europe Climate Change Impact and VulnerabiLIty Assessment The primary objective of the project is to integrate results from different previous and ongoing modelling activities and approaches to provide the basis for very high resolution climate change impact and vulnerability ass ...
... Central and Eastern Europe Climate Change Impact and VulnerabiLIty Assessment The primary objective of the project is to integrate results from different previous and ongoing modelling activities and approaches to provide the basis for very high resolution climate change impact and vulnerability ass ...
Are there pre-Quaternary geological analogues for a future
... 5 Deaprtment of Geology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK Given the inherent uncertainties in predicting how climate and environments will respond to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, it would be beneficial to society if science could identify geological anal ...
... 5 Deaprtment of Geology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK Given the inherent uncertainties in predicting how climate and environments will respond to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, it would be beneficial to society if science could identify geological anal ...
Climate and land use change impacts on global terrestrial
... GCMs to provide climate change anomalies, which are imposed on a present-day observational climatology to provide climate driving data for impacts models. Although GCMs simulate the present-day patterns of global climate with some success, they nevertheless often feature systematic biases in some re ...
... GCMs to provide climate change anomalies, which are imposed on a present-day observational climatology to provide climate driving data for impacts models. Although GCMs simulate the present-day patterns of global climate with some success, they nevertheless often feature systematic biases in some re ...
Tropical Hydropower is a Significant Source of Greenhouse Gas
... spillways is under high pressure from the water above and can contain large amounts of dissolved methane. When this water is discharged the pressure instantly drops to atmospheric pressure and the dissolved methane is suddenly released – an effect similar to that of the fizz of carbon dioxide bubbl ...
... spillways is under high pressure from the water above and can contain large amounts of dissolved methane. When this water is discharged the pressure instantly drops to atmospheric pressure and the dissolved methane is suddenly released – an effect similar to that of the fizz of carbon dioxide bubbl ...
Abstract - Sokoine University of Agriculture
... should not be generalized because it may be related to climate changes in one part but not necessarily in other parts of species ranges (Dunlop & Brown 2008). An example, some long distance migrating birds' arrival during spring is predisposed by climate conditions in overwintering areas, which then ...
... should not be generalized because it may be related to climate changes in one part but not necessarily in other parts of species ranges (Dunlop & Brown 2008). An example, some long distance migrating birds' arrival during spring is predisposed by climate conditions in overwintering areas, which then ...
Freshwater biodiversity versus anthropogenic climate
... biodiversity The effects of climate change on biodiversity at large have already been observed and demonstrated in the past and are expected to increase in the future, according to predictive climate models and bioclimatic modelling (for example, Araújo and New, 2007; Thuiller, 2004). Very high exti ...
... biodiversity The effects of climate change on biodiversity at large have already been observed and demonstrated in the past and are expected to increase in the future, according to predictive climate models and bioclimatic modelling (for example, Araújo and New, 2007; Thuiller, 2004). Very high exti ...
2005 Exxon Foundation 990 vs Exxon Giving Report
... science and policies of global warming is now widely known. The company’s multimillion dollar campaign has undoubtedly contributed to public confusion and government inaction on global warming over the past decade. Recently Exxon has claimed to have ceased this practice. Revelations and charges of t ...
... science and policies of global warming is now widely known. The company’s multimillion dollar campaign has undoubtedly contributed to public confusion and government inaction on global warming over the past decade. Recently Exxon has claimed to have ceased this practice. Revelations and charges of t ...
PDF
... variability, economic development is bound to result in an increase in the engineering and technological inputs that are in place, even without climate change. For example, in coastal areas a shortage of flood control facilities and techniques and drought-proof crops, and poorly built houses increas ...
... variability, economic development is bound to result in an increase in the engineering and technological inputs that are in place, even without climate change. For example, in coastal areas a shortage of flood control facilities and techniques and drought-proof crops, and poorly built houses increas ...
4b. GCOS-indicators_WDAC6 - World Climate Research Programme
... Ø Planning for adaptation needs an understanding of future risk and how it may change: What would a one in a hundred-year storm look like in 100 years’ time? Ø Planning for future impacts needs an understanding now of worst-case scenarios, e.g. highest possible sea level rise, largest flood or big ...
... Ø Planning for adaptation needs an understanding of future risk and how it may change: What would a one in a hundred-year storm look like in 100 years’ time? Ø Planning for future impacts needs an understanding now of worst-case scenarios, e.g. highest possible sea level rise, largest flood or big ...
STANDARDIZATION, ENVIRONMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE
... under different agendas which sometimes prevent REDD+ negotiation from making significant progress as expected, At the national level, REDD+ is not an independent agenda, its success and failure will be very much influenced by how overall issues on land-based sectors are tackled, Development of ...
... under different agendas which sometimes prevent REDD+ negotiation from making significant progress as expected, At the national level, REDD+ is not an independent agenda, its success and failure will be very much influenced by how overall issues on land-based sectors are tackled, Development of ...
Climate engineering
Climate engineering, also referred to as geoengineering or climate intervention, is the deliberate and large-scale intervention in the Earth’s climatic system with the aim of limiting adverse climate change. Climate engineering is an umbrella term for two types of measures: carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management. Carbon dioxide removal addresses the cause of climate change by removing one of the greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere. Solar radiation management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the Earth to absorb less solar radiation.Climate engineering approaches are sometimes viewed as additional potential options for limiting climate change, alongside mitigation and adaptation. There is substantial agreement among scientists that climate engineering cannot substitute climate change mitigation. Some approaches might be used as accompanying measures to sharp cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. Given that all types of measures addressing climate change have economic, political or physical limitations a some climate engineering approaches might eventually be used as part of an ensemble of measures. Research on costs, benefits, and various types of risks of most climate engineering approaches is at an early stage and their understanding needs to improve to judge their adequacy and feasibility.No known large-scale climate engineering projects have taken place to date. Almost all research into solar geoengineering has consisted of computer modelling or laboratory tests, and attempts to move to real-world experimentation have proved controversial for many types of climate engineering. Some practices, such as planting of trees and whitening of surfaces as well as bio-energy with carbon capture and storage projects are underway, their scalability to effectively affect global climate is however debated. Ocean iron fertilization has been given small-scale research trials, sparking substantial controversy.Most experts and major reports advise against relying on geoengineering techniques as a simple solution to climate change, in part due to the large uncertainties over effectiveness and side effects. However, most experts also argue that the risks of such interventions must be seen in the context of risks of dangerous climate change. Interventions at large scale may run a greater risk disrupting natural systems resulting in a dilemma that those approaches that could prove highly (cost-) effective in addressing extreme climate risk, might themselves cause substantial risk. Some have suggested that the concept of geoengineering the climate presents a moral hazard because it could reduce political and public pressure for emissions reduction, which could exacerbate overall climate risks.Groups such as ETC Group and some climate researchers (such as Raymond Pierrehumbert) are in favour of a moratorium on out-of-doors testing and deployment of SRM.