The importance of the Montreal Protocol in protecting climate
... Additional factors to be considered in scenario comparisons of emissions or RF are the offsets related to stratospheric ozone depletion from ODSs and the use and emissions of fluorocarbon substitute gases as discussed below. An important assumption in these comparisons is that, except for use of non ...
... Additional factors to be considered in scenario comparisons of emissions or RF are the offsets related to stratospheric ozone depletion from ODSs and the use and emissions of fluorocarbon substitute gases as discussed below. An important assumption in these comparisons is that, except for use of non ...
Peak and Decline Emissions Paths and the Global Warming Target
... emissions continue to rise, reaching about 53 GtCO2e in 20131,2 and heading towards 54‐58 Gt by 20203. These facts imply that high peak, rapid decline emissions paths will be required, but little is known about their properties. We characterise a suite of high peak, rapid decline paths by drawing on ...
... emissions continue to rise, reaching about 53 GtCO2e in 20131,2 and heading towards 54‐58 Gt by 20203. These facts imply that high peak, rapid decline emissions paths will be required, but little is known about their properties. We characterise a suite of high peak, rapid decline paths by drawing on ...
A Multi-Model Assessment of Regional Climate Disparities Caused
... Figure 8: The actual values of D (Equation 3) associated with the top and middle panels of Supplemental Figure 5. For each individual region, small values of D are achievable if only considering temperature. The same is true for precipitation in most, but not all, regions. ...
... Figure 8: The actual values of D (Equation 3) associated with the top and middle panels of Supplemental Figure 5. For each individual region, small values of D are achievable if only considering temperature. The same is true for precipitation in most, but not all, regions. ...
climate change in afghanistan
... the people living in those areas—based on their livelihoods. The guiding question was therefore not “where have droughts or floods become more frequent and severe?”, but rather “where has the impact of droughts and floods on livelihoods—and ultimately food security—increased most?” This helps bridge ...
... the people living in those areas—based on their livelihoods. The guiding question was therefore not “where have droughts or floods become more frequent and severe?”, but rather “where has the impact of droughts and floods on livelihoods—and ultimately food security—increased most?” This helps bridge ...
Mechanisms for solar influence on the Earth`s climate
... Figure 2 presents reconstructions of the Northern Hemisphere surface temperature record produced using a variety of proxy datasets. There are some large differences between them, especially in long-term variability, but there is general agreement that current temperatures are higher than they have b ...
... Figure 2 presents reconstructions of the Northern Hemisphere surface temperature record produced using a variety of proxy datasets. There are some large differences between them, especially in long-term variability, but there is general agreement that current temperatures are higher than they have b ...
Chapter 10 - Graduate Institute of International and Development
... conserve and enhance sinks (FCCC 1992, Article 4(1)). One of the main functions of the FCCC, at least initially, is to encourage and facilitate these national climate activities. 2.4 Targets and Timetables From the outset of the FCCC negotiations, it was generally accepted that any quantitative limi ...
... conserve and enhance sinks (FCCC 1992, Article 4(1)). One of the main functions of the FCCC, at least initially, is to encourage and facilitate these national climate activities. 2.4 Targets and Timetables From the outset of the FCCC negotiations, it was generally accepted that any quantitative limi ...
An updated view of tipping points and the relevance for long
... understanding of the risks and consequences of significant change in these systems. Large uncertainties do remain: observed changes may be negligible or partly masked by internal variability; some biases or missing processes in global climate models make their results challenging to interpret; and s ...
... understanding of the risks and consequences of significant change in these systems. Large uncertainties do remain: observed changes may be negligible or partly masked by internal variability; some biases or missing processes in global climate models make their results challenging to interpret; and s ...
kenya national climate change policy
... manifestations of climate change constitute a serious threat to Kenya’s natural, built economic and physical systems, on which the country’s sustainable development and future prosperity depends. 1.1.3 Climate change is defined by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as ...
... manifestations of climate change constitute a serious threat to Kenya’s natural, built economic and physical systems, on which the country’s sustainable development and future prosperity depends. 1.1.3 Climate change is defined by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as ...
Working with nature, for people - European Commission
... confirmed that both biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services declines with land use intensification, there is still much discussion among the scientific community about the different strategies that may be required to protect both biodiversity and services. This study, in Spain’s Urdaiba ...
... confirmed that both biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services declines with land use intensification, there is still much discussion among the scientific community about the different strategies that may be required to protect both biodiversity and services. This study, in Spain’s Urdaiba ...
PDF
... Environmental and bioclimatic data To model potential distribution of Chinese caterpillar fungus across our study area, we first collected 19 bioclimatic layers, and one topographic (altitude) layer. The 19 grid-based bioclimatic variables (Table 1) were downloaded from the worldclim datasets (www.w ...
... Environmental and bioclimatic data To model potential distribution of Chinese caterpillar fungus across our study area, we first collected 19 bioclimatic layers, and one topographic (altitude) layer. The 19 grid-based bioclimatic variables (Table 1) were downloaded from the worldclim datasets (www.w ...
Resilient Buffalo Niagara
... Hemisphere has increased by 1oF, growing seasons have lengthened, and precipitation has increased significantly (Rogelj, Meinshausen, and Knutti 2012). During the same period, the number of hydro-meteorological events has also increased from less than 10 per year to more than 340 per year (Center fo ...
... Hemisphere has increased by 1oF, growing seasons have lengthened, and precipitation has increased significantly (Rogelj, Meinshausen, and Knutti 2012). During the same period, the number of hydro-meteorological events has also increased from less than 10 per year to more than 340 per year (Center fo ...
3. The role of Sustainable Land Management in Sub
... emissions of greenhouse gases, reducing land degradation and addressing other environmental problems in the context of the current negotiations to develop a post-Kyoto climate change framework, and international, national and local efforts to promote sustainable land management (SLM) and conserve bi ...
... emissions of greenhouse gases, reducing land degradation and addressing other environmental problems in the context of the current negotiations to develop a post-Kyoto climate change framework, and international, national and local efforts to promote sustainable land management (SLM) and conserve bi ...
Report Workshop on Regional and National Climate
... serious implications for agriculture, human health, and many other human activities. Though GCMs can satisfactorily simulate the atmospheric general circulation at the continental scale, they are not necessarily capable of capturing the detailed processes associated with regional/local climate varia ...
... serious implications for agriculture, human health, and many other human activities. Though GCMs can satisfactorily simulate the atmospheric general circulation at the continental scale, they are not necessarily capable of capturing the detailed processes associated with regional/local climate varia ...
The Economics of Climate Change Impacts and Policy
... response. Climate change is likely to increase the risk of certain extreme events but the potential damages from increased severity of extreme climate events are often not included in economic analysis (IPCC, 2007b, ch19). One of the aims of the OECD project is thus to include in these local assessm ...
... response. Climate change is likely to increase the risk of certain extreme events but the potential damages from increased severity of extreme climate events are often not included in economic analysis (IPCC, 2007b, ch19). One of the aims of the OECD project is thus to include in these local assessm ...
Audubon`s Birds and Climate Change Report
... North American Birds Spatial prioritizations rank locations across a landscape according to their relative value for attaining a conservation goal, such as the protection of a priority species. This is useful for identifying areas of maximum return on conservation effort. Audubon seeks to identify a ...
... North American Birds Spatial prioritizations rank locations across a landscape according to their relative value for attaining a conservation goal, such as the protection of a priority species. This is useful for identifying areas of maximum return on conservation effort. Audubon seeks to identify a ...
Cycles and trends in solar irradiance and climate
... warming rate from 2000 to 2008 subsided by almost an order of magnitude, and temperatures in 2008 were cooler than in 2002. These varying ‘trends’ in global temperatures arise in part from the influences of solar irradiance and other natural processes, which must be comprehensively assessed in order ...
... warming rate from 2000 to 2008 subsided by almost an order of magnitude, and temperatures in 2008 were cooler than in 2002. These varying ‘trends’ in global temperatures arise in part from the influences of solar irradiance and other natural processes, which must be comprehensively assessed in order ...
AHEAD OF THE STORM…. Preparing Toronto for Climate Change
... Climate changes are already being seen in Toronto. In the last decade, the City has been subjected to extreme heat, floods, drought, new insect pests, new vector-borne diseases and other problems made worse by climate change. Even if the world is successful in getting emissions under control, clima ...
... Climate changes are already being seen in Toronto. In the last decade, the City has been subjected to extreme heat, floods, drought, new insect pests, new vector-borne diseases and other problems made worse by climate change. Even if the world is successful in getting emissions under control, clima ...
Climate Change and Its Causes - The Science and Public Policy
... Figure 4: Climate sensitivity to CO2 doubling in function of the feedbacks (from Knutti and Hegerl [5]). Note the large uncertainty: a CO2 doubling may cause a global warming from 1 oC to 10 oC at equilibrium. The figure on the left explains why there exists such a large error. The GHG warming theo ...
... Figure 4: Climate sensitivity to CO2 doubling in function of the feedbacks (from Knutti and Hegerl [5]). Note the large uncertainty: a CO2 doubling may cause a global warming from 1 oC to 10 oC at equilibrium. The figure on the left explains why there exists such a large error. The GHG warming theo ...
Concept Note 2 - Climate Smart Agriculture
... spatial distribution of rainfall could lead to increased competition within the agriculture sector and with other sectors. Moreover, addressing this and other challenges would require modifying physical infrastructure, such as irrigation systems and altering the design and location of storage facili ...
... spatial distribution of rainfall could lead to increased competition within the agriculture sector and with other sectors. Moreover, addressing this and other challenges would require modifying physical infrastructure, such as irrigation systems and altering the design and location of storage facili ...
Multimodel projections and uncertainties of irrigation water demand
... [1] Crop irrigation is responsible for 70% of humanity’s water demand. Since the late 1990s, the expansion of irrigated areas has been tapering off, and this trend is expected to continue in the future. Future irrigation water demand (IWD) is, however, subject to large uncertainties due to anticipat ...
... [1] Crop irrigation is responsible for 70% of humanity’s water demand. Since the late 1990s, the expansion of irrigated areas has been tapering off, and this trend is expected to continue in the future. Future irrigation water demand (IWD) is, however, subject to large uncertainties due to anticipat ...
Acceleration technique for Milankovitch type forcing in a coupled
... magnitude smaller (cf. Bertrand et al. 2002a), which we do not take into account in this study. The time scales of the astronomical or “Milankovitch type” forcing are separated from the much shorter time scales of the atmosphere, including the mixed layer of the ocean, by several orders of magnitude ...
... magnitude smaller (cf. Bertrand et al. 2002a), which we do not take into account in this study. The time scales of the astronomical or “Milankovitch type” forcing are separated from the much shorter time scales of the atmosphere, including the mixed layer of the ocean, by several orders of magnitude ...
We Stand as One: Children, Young People and Climate Change
... they want to adopt renewable energy technology like solar and wind to be promoted. Secondly, they want the Government to take a lead on the international stage and set greenhouse gas emission reduction targets for Australia necessary to tackle human-made climate change. Finally, they want the enviro ...
... they want to adopt renewable energy technology like solar and wind to be promoted. Secondly, they want the Government to take a lead on the international stage and set greenhouse gas emission reduction targets for Australia necessary to tackle human-made climate change. Finally, they want the enviro ...
El Ni˜no Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and global - adv
... of the scientific literature, the IPCC (2001) concluded “an increasing body of observations gives a collective picture of a warming world and other changes in the climate system” and that “most of the observed warming over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.” The IPCC (2001) found ...
... of the scientific literature, the IPCC (2001) concluded “an increasing body of observations gives a collective picture of a warming world and other changes in the climate system” and that “most of the observed warming over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.” The IPCC (2001) found ...
F_Green_Nationally_Self_Interested_Climate_Change_Mitigation (opens in new window)
... national self-interest is typically conceived in terms of economic efficiency — that is, increasing or maximising a state’s economic resources (economic benefits relative to costs). The traditional assumption is that climate change mitigation actions are net-costly for an individual state: they impo ...
... national self-interest is typically conceived in terms of economic efficiency — that is, increasing or maximising a state’s economic resources (economic benefits relative to costs). The traditional assumption is that climate change mitigation actions are net-costly for an individual state: they impo ...
A climate change report card for water Working Technical Paper 9
... 2 IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON RIVER WATER QUALITY A summary of the potential impacts on river water quality is given in Table 1 above ...
... 2 IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON RIVER WATER QUALITY A summary of the potential impacts on river water quality is given in Table 1 above ...
Climate engineering
Climate engineering, also referred to as geoengineering or climate intervention, is the deliberate and large-scale intervention in the Earth’s climatic system with the aim of limiting adverse climate change. Climate engineering is an umbrella term for two types of measures: carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management. Carbon dioxide removal addresses the cause of climate change by removing one of the greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere. Solar radiation management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the Earth to absorb less solar radiation.Climate engineering approaches are sometimes viewed as additional potential options for limiting climate change, alongside mitigation and adaptation. There is substantial agreement among scientists that climate engineering cannot substitute climate change mitigation. Some approaches might be used as accompanying measures to sharp cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. Given that all types of measures addressing climate change have economic, political or physical limitations a some climate engineering approaches might eventually be used as part of an ensemble of measures. Research on costs, benefits, and various types of risks of most climate engineering approaches is at an early stage and their understanding needs to improve to judge their adequacy and feasibility.No known large-scale climate engineering projects have taken place to date. Almost all research into solar geoengineering has consisted of computer modelling or laboratory tests, and attempts to move to real-world experimentation have proved controversial for many types of climate engineering. Some practices, such as planting of trees and whitening of surfaces as well as bio-energy with carbon capture and storage projects are underway, their scalability to effectively affect global climate is however debated. Ocean iron fertilization has been given small-scale research trials, sparking substantial controversy.Most experts and major reports advise against relying on geoengineering techniques as a simple solution to climate change, in part due to the large uncertainties over effectiveness and side effects. However, most experts also argue that the risks of such interventions must be seen in the context of risks of dangerous climate change. Interventions at large scale may run a greater risk disrupting natural systems resulting in a dilemma that those approaches that could prove highly (cost-) effective in addressing extreme climate risk, might themselves cause substantial risk. Some have suggested that the concept of geoengineering the climate presents a moral hazard because it could reduce political and public pressure for emissions reduction, which could exacerbate overall climate risks.Groups such as ETC Group and some climate researchers (such as Raymond Pierrehumbert) are in favour of a moratorium on out-of-doors testing and deployment of SRM.