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... rate will rise if the 11If the shock is Harrod neutral, the unemployment elasticity of subsitution exceeds one and fall if the elasticity is less than the one. The intuition is as follows. If the elasticity of subtitutiOfl is one, share of labor is constant. The real wage should fall by exactly the ...
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DPEco2.3.4 Low and Stable Rates of Inflation DPEco2.3.4 The

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Information Technology and Monetary Policy

... Interest rate rules that respond with a lag exploit people’s forward-looking behavior; these rules assume that people will expect later increases in interest rates if such increases are needed to reduce inflation. Models without forward-looking terms clearly cannot describe such behavior. A rule pro ...
Inflation outlook over the next two years has taken a turn for the worse
Inflation outlook over the next two years has taken a turn for the worse

... expectations in mid-May when the Central Bank prepared its previous inflation forecast, reflecting an increase in the policy rate since then beyond what the market apparently expected at that time. The market appears to expect the policy rate to be raised by around 1 percentage point over the next t ...
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... of Economic Research
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... of Economic Research

... thinks of constitutional amendments, the gold standard, and whatnot). Because the government cannot lock in its policies beyond doubt, the public recognizes that there is always some possibility that policy will not change to a noninflationary stance. Specifically, if the average agent does not quit ...
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Stability and Transitions in Emerging Market Policy Rules

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Transmission of Monetary Policy with Heterogeneity in Household

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NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES ON THE ORIGINS OF "A MONETARY HISTORY"

... diffuse widely through the economy, automatically produced forces – falling profits resulting from the pressure of costs on prices and tensions in the money market – that inevitably produced a contraction. The contraction, which would also diffuse widely, then produced changes in relative prices, su ...
Fiscal Stimulus and Potential Inflationary Risks
Fiscal Stimulus and Potential Inflationary Risks

... created by the RBI (i.e. net RBI credit to the Government), or through higher aggregate demand associated with an expansionary fiscal stance (which could increase growth in broad money). Empirical estimates of this paper conducted over the sample period 1953-2009 suggest that one percentage point in ...
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Open-Market Operations in a Model of Regulated

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The Czech National Bank`s Role Since the Global Crisis

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Pushing on a string: US monetary policy is less powerful in recessions

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Video Clip 1 "Swedish Economic System"

... (b) It has been argued that gambling casinos bring with them higher crime and “undesirable” elements. In addition, gambling can be addictive, and it often leads some who can least afford it into poverty and bankruptcy. Thus, opponents argue that wanting to gamble may not be strictly voluntary. Clear ...
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Adopting Inflation Targeting in Pakistan

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R e s e r v e B... Vo l u m e 6 4 ... C o n t e n t s

... basis. In addition to summarising these and other outcomes of the review, the article also compares the Bank’s governance arrangements with those applicable to a number of other central banks, focusing in particular on those aspects of governance that relate to monetary policy decision-making. Still ...
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Y - McGraw Hill Higher Education

... is stable as long as there is no change in the central bank's monetary policy rule and no exogenous changes in spending ...
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Volume 72 No. 1, March 2009 Contents

... using the information in the HES regarding the original value of the mortgage and the date of origination, the mortgage type, and the interest rate applying to the latest mortgage payment. The estimated mortgage balance will over- or underestimate the actual principal outstanding depending on the le ...
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Mankiw 5/e Chapter 11: Aggregate Demand II

... • large long-term tax cut, immediate $300 rebate checks • spending increases: aid to New York City & the airline industry, war on terrorism 2. Monetary policy • Fed lowered its Fed Funds rate target 11 times during 2001, from 6.5% to 1.75% • Money growth increased, interest rates fell CHAPTER 11 ...
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chapter 35: extending the analysis of aggregate supply - jb

in Ahmet Kose, Fikret Senses and Erinc Yeldan (eds) Neoliberal
in Ahmet Kose, Fikret Senses and Erinc Yeldan (eds) Neoliberal

... price stability; absence of fiscal dominance; policy (instrument) independence; and policy transparency and accountability (Mishkin and Schmidt-Hebbel, 2001, p.3; Bernanke, et. al. 1999). In practice, while few central banks reach the “ideal” of being “full fledged” inflation targeters, many others ...
Epstein, Gerald and Erinc Yeldan: "Inflation Targeting, Employment
Epstein, Gerald and Erinc Yeldan: "Inflation Targeting, Employment

... price stability; absence of fiscal dominance; policy (instrument) independence; and policy transparency and accountability (Mishkin and Schmidt-Hebbel, 2001, p.3; Bernanke, et. al. 1999). In practice, while few central banks reach the “ideal” of being “full fledged” inflation targeters, many others ...
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... The Bank of England is the ultimate source from which the general public can obtain cash. Other English banks used to issue their own notes, but now they all use the Bank of England notes. Scottish banks have continued to issue their own, but it is an expensive undertaking, and is closely controlled ...
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spd04 Hughes-Hallett-k 225546 en

... the fact that fiscal policies typically have long run targets (sustainability, low debt), and is not easily reversible (public services, social equality), and doesn’t stabilise well (if efficiency is to be maintained). Nevertheless, there are also automatic stabilisers in any fiscal policy framework ...
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Money supply

In economics, the money supply or money stock, is the total amount of monetary assets available in an economy at a specific time. There are several ways to define ""money,"" but standard measures usually include currency in circulation and demand deposits (depositors' easily accessed assets on the books of financial institutions).Money supply data are recorded and published, usually by the government or the central bank of the country. Public and private sector analysts have long monitored changes in money supply because of its effects on the price level, inflation, the exchange rate and the business cycle.That relation between money and prices is historically associated with the quantity theory of money. There is strong empirical evidence of a direct relation between money-supply growth and long-term price inflation, at least for rapid increases in the amount of money in the economy. For example, a country such as Zimbabwe which saw extremely rapid increases in its money supply also saw extremely rapid increases in prices (hyperinflation). This is one reason for the reliance on monetary policy as a means of controlling inflation.The nature of this causal chain is the subject of contention. Some heterodox economists argue that the money supply is endogenous (determined by the workings of the economy, not by the central bank) and that the sources of inflation must be found in the distributional structure of the economy.In addition, those economists seeing the central bank's control over the money supply as feeble say that there are two weak links between the growth of the money supply and the inflation rate. First, in the aftermath of a recession, when many resources are underutilized, an increase in the money supply can cause a sustained increase in real production instead of inflation. Second, if the velocity of money (i.e., the ratio between nominal GDP and money supply) changes, an increase in the money supply could have either no effect, an exaggerated effect, or an unpredictable effect on the growth of nominal GDP.
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