Notes towards Biodiversity Chapter 5
... Extinction events are relatively short (in terms of geological time) periods with greatly increased extinction rates (Leakey and Lewin 1995, Futuyma 1998, Futuyma 2005, Wikipedia Contributors 2006c). Extinction events form peaks on the graph shown. The definition of a mass extinction event depends ...
... Extinction events are relatively short (in terms of geological time) periods with greatly increased extinction rates (Leakey and Lewin 1995, Futuyma 1998, Futuyma 2005, Wikipedia Contributors 2006c). Extinction events form peaks on the graph shown. The definition of a mass extinction event depends ...
Fisheries Ecology
... with the essential conservation science education in the biology and ecology of fish and other aquatic animals as, fisheries behavioral ecology program - fisheries behavioral ecology program race home fisheries behavioral ecology program fbe staff and students research topics fish and environment fi ...
... with the essential conservation science education in the biology and ecology of fish and other aquatic animals as, fisheries behavioral ecology program - fisheries behavioral ecology program race home fisheries behavioral ecology program fbe staff and students research topics fish and environment fi ...
Chapter 11: Wolves Student notes Chapter 11 takes the wolf as the
... ecosystems, but some species are endangered. 2. One of the main threats to wolves is human expansion. a. Wolves are actively hunted because they feed upon domesticated animals. 3. Wolves are extremely social animals, and their social interactions are the key to their reproductive success and surviva ...
... ecosystems, but some species are endangered. 2. One of the main threats to wolves is human expansion. a. Wolves are actively hunted because they feed upon domesticated animals. 3. Wolves are extremely social animals, and their social interactions are the key to their reproductive success and surviva ...
Guns, Germs and Steel
... will just be something “natural.” • For us, it will determine how much suffering versus how much plenitude people will experience • Over deep time history, large animals, and especially large mammals like ourselves, have been prone to rapid extinction • Will our sentient nature overcome this trend? ...
... will just be something “natural.” • For us, it will determine how much suffering versus how much plenitude people will experience • Over deep time history, large animals, and especially large mammals like ourselves, have been prone to rapid extinction • Will our sentient nature overcome this trend? ...
NotesChapter7
... PVA may be used to: estimate the extinction probability for a population (Caughley & Gunn 1996, Coulson et al. 2001, Pullin 2002, Wikipedia Contributors 2006c); determine the minimum viable population (Begon et al. 1996, Cox 1997); determine minimum reserve size (Caughley & Gunn 1996) – the area nee ...
... PVA may be used to: estimate the extinction probability for a population (Caughley & Gunn 1996, Coulson et al. 2001, Pullin 2002, Wikipedia Contributors 2006c); determine the minimum viable population (Begon et al. 1996, Cox 1997); determine minimum reserve size (Caughley & Gunn 1996) – the area nee ...
Linking relative growth rates to biomass allocation
... to roots if their growth is limited by belowground factors (e.g., nutrients, water). However, they will allocate relatively more biomass to shoots if they are limited by aboveground factors (e.g. light, carbon) (Poorter et al., 2012). Biomass allocation is a strong driver for the capacity of plants ...
... to roots if their growth is limited by belowground factors (e.g., nutrients, water). However, they will allocate relatively more biomass to shoots if they are limited by aboveground factors (e.g. light, carbon) (Poorter et al., 2012). Biomass allocation is a strong driver for the capacity of plants ...
Managing for ocean biodiversity to sustain marine ecosystem services.
... (Tilman et al. 2006). Invasive species add complexity to these Figure 2. A schematic view of the benefits of biodiversity. Diversity (red ring) issues. Although they nominally add to enhances a variety of ecological processes (blue ring). These enhanced processes biodiversity by increasing the numbe ...
... (Tilman et al. 2006). Invasive species add complexity to these Figure 2. A schematic view of the benefits of biodiversity. Diversity (red ring) issues. Although they nominally add to enhances a variety of ecological processes (blue ring). These enhanced processes biodiversity by increasing the numbe ...
Effects of biological invasions on forest carbon
... The consequences of excluding introduced mammalian herbivores (primarily deer and goats) have been studied in relatively intact natural forests throughout New Zealand (Wardle et al., 2001). These mammals were first introduced 220 years ago when the forests ...
... The consequences of excluding introduced mammalian herbivores (primarily deer and goats) have been studied in relatively intact natural forests throughout New Zealand (Wardle et al., 2001). These mammals were first introduced 220 years ago when the forests ...
Impact: toward a framework for understanding
... (Figure 2). Here we review some of the best examples of studies, both experimental and observational, that have quantified impacts. The impact of an invader can be measured at five levels: (1) effects on individuals (including demographic rates such as mortality and growth), (2) genetic effects (inc ...
... (Figure 2). Here we review some of the best examples of studies, both experimental and observational, that have quantified impacts. The impact of an invader can be measured at five levels: (1) effects on individuals (including demographic rates such as mortality and growth), (2) genetic effects (inc ...
Impact: Toward a Framework for Understanding the Ecological
... (Figure 2). Here we review some of the best examples of studies, both experimental and observational, that have quantified impacts. The impact of an invader can be measured at five levels: (1) effects on individuals (including demographic rates such as mortality and growth), (2) genetic effects (inc ...
... (Figure 2). Here we review some of the best examples of studies, both experimental and observational, that have quantified impacts. The impact of an invader can be measured at five levels: (1) effects on individuals (including demographic rates such as mortality and growth), (2) genetic effects (inc ...
WHY LINK SPECIES AND ECOSYSTEMS?
... time; PRIMARY PRODUCERS - abundant and productive, dominated by diatoms, Cladophora glomerata, and Anabaena sp.; MICROBIAL COMMUNITY - associated with algaderived particulate organic matter and invertebrate and fish feces; 1VIACROINVERTEBRATES - collector-gatherers with high rates of secondary produ ...
... time; PRIMARY PRODUCERS - abundant and productive, dominated by diatoms, Cladophora glomerata, and Anabaena sp.; MICROBIAL COMMUNITY - associated with algaderived particulate organic matter and invertebrate and fish feces; 1VIACROINVERTEBRATES - collector-gatherers with high rates of secondary produ ...
Niche saturation reveals resource partitioning among consumers
... Similarly, species may be lumped into Ôfunctional groupsÕ where species within a grouping are thought, based on a researcherÕs prior knowledge of the system, to be more similar to one another than those outside the group. Then, functional diversity is compared with species richness as a predictor of ...
... Similarly, species may be lumped into Ôfunctional groupsÕ where species within a grouping are thought, based on a researcherÕs prior knowledge of the system, to be more similar to one another than those outside the group. Then, functional diversity is compared with species richness as a predictor of ...
Facilitative interactions among aquatic invaders
... species-poor ones, owing to competition for limiting resources (the “biotic resistance” model). However, evidence for biotic resistance in aquatic ecosystems is equivocal. Contrary to the view that communities become more resistant to invasion as they accumulate species, the rate of invasion has inc ...
... species-poor ones, owing to competition for limiting resources (the “biotic resistance” model). However, evidence for biotic resistance in aquatic ecosystems is equivocal. Contrary to the view that communities become more resistant to invasion as they accumulate species, the rate of invasion has inc ...
BIOS 3010: Ecology 2. The effect of grazing herbivores: 3. The effect
... 2. The effect of grazing herbivores: • Herbivory, predation, disease and parasitism, competition, earthquakes, fire, rain, wind, temperature etc. can all disturb communities. • Disturbance is: – any relatively discrete event in time that removes organisms or otherwise disrupts the community by in ...
... 2. The effect of grazing herbivores: • Herbivory, predation, disease and parasitism, competition, earthquakes, fire, rain, wind, temperature etc. can all disturb communities. • Disturbance is: – any relatively discrete event in time that removes organisms or otherwise disrupts the community by in ...
student resources - Santa Ana Unified School District
... 3. Photosynthesis occurs in organelles called chloroplasts. 4. Cellular respiration creates oxygen for other organisms to use. 5. Autotrophs are organisms that are able to transform chemical energy from light energy. 6. 90% of energy is passed from one trophic level to the next in any given ecosyste ...
... 3. Photosynthesis occurs in organelles called chloroplasts. 4. Cellular respiration creates oxygen for other organisms to use. 5. Autotrophs are organisms that are able to transform chemical energy from light energy. 6. 90% of energy is passed from one trophic level to the next in any given ecosyste ...
Use of Sterile Grass Carp to Control Aquatic Weeds
... stocking proper numbers is important. Stocking rates of five to more than 200 fish per acre have been used depending on plant species, plant density and distribution, the size and age of the fish and the pond owner’s objectives. Computer models can determine the appropriate stocking density by consi ...
... stocking proper numbers is important. Stocking rates of five to more than 200 fish per acre have been used depending on plant species, plant density and distribution, the size and age of the fish and the pond owner’s objectives. Computer models can determine the appropriate stocking density by consi ...
Managing arid zone natural resources in Australia for spatial and
... heterogeneity, all these factors mean that even the spatial pattern of heterogeneity varies over time. Heterogeneity modulated by other organisms Lastly, some emergent relationships among organisms arise as a result of the sum of all the above (particularly the scale issues). In particular, some org ...
... heterogeneity, all these factors mean that even the spatial pattern of heterogeneity varies over time. Heterogeneity modulated by other organisms Lastly, some emergent relationships among organisms arise as a result of the sum of all the above (particularly the scale issues). In particular, some org ...
Biodiversity of Rangelands - Society For Range Management
... variety of plants, animals and other organisms can be found on rangelands. The problem is, there is not an accurate accounting of many of the components of diversity except for select plants, birds and mammals. ...
... variety of plants, animals and other organisms can be found on rangelands. The problem is, there is not an accurate accounting of many of the components of diversity except for select plants, birds and mammals. ...
A Critical Review of Twenty Years` Use of the Resource
... given to this theory and its descendants, including the resource-ratio theory, consumer-resource theory, and R∗ theory: we will use the term “resource-ratio theory” (Tilman 1986). Tilman’s two works (1980, 1982) had an immediate effect on the scientific community. The eminent plant ecologist John Ha ...
... given to this theory and its descendants, including the resource-ratio theory, consumer-resource theory, and R∗ theory: we will use the term “resource-ratio theory” (Tilman 1986). Tilman’s two works (1980, 1982) had an immediate effect on the scientific community. The eminent plant ecologist John Ha ...
Environment
... More Problems Pollution Smog, air, water, land pollution health problems LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION ...
... More Problems Pollution Smog, air, water, land pollution health problems LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION ...
Species-rich ecosystems are vulnerable to cascading extinctions in an increasingly variable world
... in abundance when rare—the so-called invasibility criterion (MacArthur 1972). One of the conditions for this criterion to be fulfilled is that species differ in their response to the environmental variability. On a similar note, it has been argued that intermediate intensity and frequency of disturb ...
... in abundance when rare—the so-called invasibility criterion (MacArthur 1972). One of the conditions for this criterion to be fulfilled is that species differ in their response to the environmental variability. On a similar note, it has been argued that intermediate intensity and frequency of disturb ...
Riverine Ecosystems in International Law
... Disturbed riverine processes are reflected in riverine habitats and their biodiversity. Recent studies have indicated habitat loss as the primary reason for major declines in North American native freshwater fishes7 and mussels, Similarly, in 1991, 214 native salmonid stocks were identified in the P ...
... Disturbed riverine processes are reflected in riverine habitats and their biodiversity. Recent studies have indicated habitat loss as the primary reason for major declines in North American native freshwater fishes7 and mussels, Similarly, in 1991, 214 native salmonid stocks were identified in the P ...
Overexploitation
Overexploitation, also called overharvesting, refers to harvesting a renewable resource to the point of diminishing returns. Sustained overexploitation can lead to the destruction of the resource. The term applies to natural resources such as: wild medicinal plants, grazing pastures, game animals, fish stocks, forests, and water aquifers.In ecology, overexploitation describes one of the five main activities threatening global biodiversity. Ecologists use the term to describe populations that are harvested at a rate that is unsustainable, given their natural rates of mortality and capacities for reproduction. This can result in extinction at the population level and even extinction of whole species. In conservation biology the term is usually used in the context of human economic activity that involves the taking of biological resources, or organisms, in larger numbers than their populations can withstand. The term is also used and defined somewhat differently in fisheries, hydrology and natural resource management.Overexploitation can lead to resource destruction, including extinctions. However it is also possible for overexploitation to be sustainable, as discussed below in the section on fisheries. In the context of fishing, the term overfishing can be used instead of overexploitation, as can overgrazing in stock management, overlogging in forest management, overdrafting in aquifer management, and endangered species in species monitoring. Overexploitation is not an activity limited to humans. Introduced predators and herbivores, for example, can overexploit native flora and fauna.