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Environment
ECOLOGY
The study of interactions between organisms and
the living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) things in
an environment
Extinction – About 1/5 of today’s species = extinct
by the next century.
NO ORGANISM IS ISOLATED!
one, affects others.
What happens to
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Environment
Problems
Overpopulation – our biggest problem
From 1930 – today population increased from 2
to 6 billion. We are running out of food, space,
clean water, energy.
Ozone Layer
Our protective layer is being eaten away by
CFC = increased ultraviolet radiation.
Climate Changes
Greenhouse effect – warming of earth due to
insulating effect of gases in atmosphere
(Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor) due to cars,
pollution.
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Environment
More Problems
Pollution
Smog, air, water, land pollution health problems
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Biosphere – area on and around earth where
life exists. It includes:
Ecosystems – all the biotic & abiotic
components of an environment. It includes:
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Environment
Communities – all the populations in one area. It
includes:
Populations – all the members of a species that
live in the same area and make up a breeding
group. It includes:
Organisms – individual living things
The carrying capacity of an ecosystem is a measure
of how many organisms it can support. Our use
of technology is influencing carrying capacity.
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Environment
Levels of Organization
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Environment
Environmental Makeup
Pioneer Species – the 1st species in an area. These
are usually small and fast growing.
Primary Succession – life starting in an area
Secondary Succession – replacement of species
after the 1st species were disrupted
Example: Abandoned farmland –
Lichensweeds plants shrubs forest
Climax Community – organisms that stay for a long
time
It is in the later stage of community formation.
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Environment
Environmental Components
• Food Chain – single pathway of feeding
relationships
• Food Web – the linkage of many food chains
Ecosystem Recycling – water, carbon, nitrogen
some are polluted, but they are recycled.
Nitrogen Cycle – Most of our air = N
N goes from air → bacteria (changed to usable N for
plants) → plants (needed for plant growth)
Too much N (runoff from lawn & garden fertilizer) →
waterways and algae grows TOO MUCH,
changing the balance of organisms. NUTRIENT
POLLUTION
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Environment
Food Web in an Antarctic Ecosystem
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Energy Transfer
Producers – autotrophs – make their own food and
are the largest energy (trophic) level.
Some energy is lost between each level.
Consumers – eat producers or other consumers
first consumers are herbivores (plant eating
heterotrophs). Next trophic level has omnivores
(plant/meat eaters).
All organisms compete for resources.
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Environment
Energy Transfer Through Trophic Levels
Only 10 % of energy is transferred form one
level to the next.
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CYCLES IN ECOSYSTEMS
• Nitrogen, Water, Carbon are some important things that
are recycled in an ecosystem.
Nitrogen Fixation is the process of bacteria changing nitrogen to
ammonia. N is used in DNA and Proteins. Know the cycle.
Bacteria
return N to
air through
Denitrofication
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Water Cycle
Pollution like acid rain from industrial emissions, car exhaust, &
other
pollutants can make water unusable. Know the cycle.
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Carbon Cycle
Carbon is essential to living things (for energy and building),
plants & animals decompose, we exhale, we burn fossil fuel (like
gasoline) and carbon recycles. Know the cycle.
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Environment
Current Environment Problems
• Global Warming – Increasing CO2 from burning
fossil fuels, tree loss, & industrial pollution trap in
heat.
Effects – climate change, food production is
down, land is lost, animals are being lost
Options – burn less fossil fuel, make more
efficient cars, do less driving, use alternative fuel
like solar, geothermal, nuclear and wind. Each of
these has problems.
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GREENHOUSE EFFECT
IR=infrared
Carbon Dioxide acts like the glass in a greenhouse to trap in heat.
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Environment
Current Environment Problems continued
• Acid Rain – from industrial wastes and volcanic
activity
This changes pH, making water and air more
Acidic and killing organisms.
Options – more air filtration of industrial
pollutants
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Environment
Current Environment Problems continued
• Rainforest Destruction – Increases in population size
bring land lost and more pollution killing trees
This results in increased runoff (loss of roots), loss of
food and shelter, increased extinction
Air is not filtered as well = higher CO2
Option – put some land aside (tourists?)
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Environment
Current Environment Problems continued
• Water Pollution – runoff from sewers, homes,
industry = pollutants in water
Water areas with high death rates due to
phosphate (from soaps in runoff water) increase.
Algae increase with phosphate and use up
oxygen = alga bloom and fish death.
pH change kills organisms, most of our O2 comes
from oceans, so that is lowered
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Environment
Current Environment Problems continued
Options – better water filtration, use of less polluting
materials
• Air Pollution – increased pollutants causes lower
levels of oxygen and higher levels of toxins. These
cause respiratory disorders like asthma and cancer.
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Environmental Terms
• Niche – what a species does in its environment, it
includes where it lives, what it does
• Predators – Eat other things, natural selection
increases the chances for an organism to be a
better predator
• Prey – Get eaten
Some organisms are more successful than others.
SUCCESSION – the predictable, sequential
replacement of populations in an ecosystem
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Symbiosis – “living together” (copy all)
Relationship Type
Species A
Species B
Commensalism
+
0
Mutualism
+
+
Parasitism
+
-
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SUCCESSION
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Environment
Climate’s Effect on Where Species Live
Terrestrial Biomes: Tropical Rain Forests
• The rainfall in tropical rain forests is generally
200 to 450 cm (80 to 180 in.) per year, with little
difference in distribution from season to season.
• The richest biome in terms of number of species is
the tropical rain forest. Soil is infertile (little sun)
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Environment
Climate’s Effect on Where Species Live
Terrestrial Biomes: Savannas
• The world’s
• great dry grasslands, called savannas,
• are found in tropical areas that have relatively low
annual precipitation or prolonged annual dry
seasons. Seasonal droughts.
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Environment
Climate’s Effect on Where Species Live,
continued
Terrestrial Biomes: Taiga
•
Northern forests of coniferous trees extends across vast areas
of Eurasia and North America. This biome, one of the largest on
Earth, is called by its Russian name, taiga.
• Winters in the taiga are long and cold, and most of the
precipitation falls in the summer. Animals include moose,
bears.
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Environment
Climate’s Effect on Where Species Live,
continued
Terrestrial Biomes: Tundra
• Between the taiga and the permanent ice
surrounding the North Pole is the biome known as
the tundra. Includes caribou, owls, ducks and rabbits.
• Annual precipitation in the tundra is very low and
water is unavailable for most of the year because
it is frozen.
• The permafrost, or permanent ice, usually exists
within 1 m (about 3 ft) of the surface.
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Environment
Climate’s Effect on Where Species Live,
continued
Terrestrial Biomes: Deserts
• Typically, less than 25 cm (10 in.) of precipitation
falls annually in the world’s desert areas.
• Deserts are most extensive in the interiors of
continents. Creosote bush and fox live in deserts.
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Environment
Climate’s Effect on Where Species Live,
continued
Terrestrial Biomes: Temperate Grasslands
• Moderate climates halfway between the equator and
the poles promote the growth of rich temperate
grasslands called prairies.
• Temperate grasslands once covered much of the
interior of North America.
• Herds of grazing animals often populate temperate
grasslands. Rich fertile soil, bison
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Environment
Climate’s Effect on Where Species Live
Terrestrial Biomes: Temperate Deciduous Forest
• Temperate deciduous forests (deciduous trees shed
their leaves in the fall) grow in areas with relatively
warm summers, cold winters, and annual
precipitation that generally ranges from 75 to 250 cm
(30 to 100 in.).
• Temperate deciduous forests cover much of the
eastern United States
• and are home to deer, bears, beavers, raccoons,
and other familiar animals.
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Environment
Climate’s Effect on Where Species Live,
continued
Terrestrial Biomes: Temperate Evergreen Forest
• Large portions of the southeastern and western
United States have
• temperate evergreen forests—extensive areas where
pine forests predominate over deciduous forests.
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