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Environment ECOLOGY The study of interactions between organisms and the living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) things in an environment Extinction – About 1/5 of today’s species = extinct by the next century. NO ORGANISM IS ISOLATED! one, affects others. What happens to Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Environment Problems Overpopulation – our biggest problem From 1930 – today population increased from 2 to 6 billion. We are running out of food, space, clean water, energy. Ozone Layer Our protective layer is being eaten away by CFC = increased ultraviolet radiation. Climate Changes Greenhouse effect – warming of earth due to insulating effect of gases in atmosphere (Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor) due to cars, pollution. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Environment More Problems Pollution Smog, air, water, land pollution health problems LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Biosphere – area on and around earth where life exists. It includes: Ecosystems – all the biotic & abiotic components of an environment. It includes: Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Environment Communities – all the populations in one area. It includes: Populations – all the members of a species that live in the same area and make up a breeding group. It includes: Organisms – individual living things The carrying capacity of an ecosystem is a measure of how many organisms it can support. Our use of technology is influencing carrying capacity. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Environment Levels of Organization Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Environment Environmental Makeup Pioneer Species – the 1st species in an area. These are usually small and fast growing. Primary Succession – life starting in an area Secondary Succession – replacement of species after the 1st species were disrupted Example: Abandoned farmland – Lichensweeds plants shrubs forest Climax Community – organisms that stay for a long time It is in the later stage of community formation. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Environment Environmental Components • Food Chain – single pathway of feeding relationships • Food Web – the linkage of many food chains Ecosystem Recycling – water, carbon, nitrogen some are polluted, but they are recycled. Nitrogen Cycle – Most of our air = N N goes from air → bacteria (changed to usable N for plants) → plants (needed for plant growth) Too much N (runoff from lawn & garden fertilizer) → waterways and algae grows TOO MUCH, changing the balance of organisms. NUTRIENT POLLUTION Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Environment Food Web in an Antarctic Ecosystem Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Environment Energy Transfer Producers – autotrophs – make their own food and are the largest energy (trophic) level. Some energy is lost between each level. Consumers – eat producers or other consumers first consumers are herbivores (plant eating heterotrophs). Next trophic level has omnivores (plant/meat eaters). All organisms compete for resources. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Environment Energy Transfer Through Trophic Levels Only 10 % of energy is transferred form one level to the next. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. CYCLES IN ECOSYSTEMS • Nitrogen, Water, Carbon are some important things that are recycled in an ecosystem. Nitrogen Fixation is the process of bacteria changing nitrogen to ammonia. N is used in DNA and Proteins. Know the cycle. Bacteria return N to air through Denitrofication Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Water Cycle Pollution like acid rain from industrial emissions, car exhaust, & other pollutants can make water unusable. Know the cycle. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Carbon Cycle Carbon is essential to living things (for energy and building), plants & animals decompose, we exhale, we burn fossil fuel (like gasoline) and carbon recycles. Know the cycle. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Environment Current Environment Problems • Global Warming – Increasing CO2 from burning fossil fuels, tree loss, & industrial pollution trap in heat. Effects – climate change, food production is down, land is lost, animals are being lost Options – burn less fossil fuel, make more efficient cars, do less driving, use alternative fuel like solar, geothermal, nuclear and wind. Each of these has problems. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. GREENHOUSE EFFECT IR=infrared Carbon Dioxide acts like the glass in a greenhouse to trap in heat. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Environment Current Environment Problems continued • Acid Rain – from industrial wastes and volcanic activity This changes pH, making water and air more Acidic and killing organisms. Options – more air filtration of industrial pollutants Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Environment Current Environment Problems continued • Rainforest Destruction – Increases in population size bring land lost and more pollution killing trees This results in increased runoff (loss of roots), loss of food and shelter, increased extinction Air is not filtered as well = higher CO2 Option – put some land aside (tourists?) Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Environment Current Environment Problems continued • Water Pollution – runoff from sewers, homes, industry = pollutants in water Water areas with high death rates due to phosphate (from soaps in runoff water) increase. Algae increase with phosphate and use up oxygen = alga bloom and fish death. pH change kills organisms, most of our O2 comes from oceans, so that is lowered Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Environment Current Environment Problems continued Options – better water filtration, use of less polluting materials • Air Pollution – increased pollutants causes lower levels of oxygen and higher levels of toxins. These cause respiratory disorders like asthma and cancer. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Environmental Terms • Niche – what a species does in its environment, it includes where it lives, what it does • Predators – Eat other things, natural selection increases the chances for an organism to be a better predator • Prey – Get eaten Some organisms are more successful than others. SUCCESSION – the predictable, sequential replacement of populations in an ecosystem Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Symbiosis – “living together” (copy all) Relationship Type Species A Species B Commensalism + 0 Mutualism + + Parasitism + - Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. SUCCESSION Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Environment Climate’s Effect on Where Species Live Terrestrial Biomes: Tropical Rain Forests • The rainfall in tropical rain forests is generally 200 to 450 cm (80 to 180 in.) per year, with little difference in distribution from season to season. • The richest biome in terms of number of species is the tropical rain forest. Soil is infertile (little sun) Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Environment Climate’s Effect on Where Species Live Terrestrial Biomes: Savannas • The world’s • great dry grasslands, called savannas, • are found in tropical areas that have relatively low annual precipitation or prolonged annual dry seasons. Seasonal droughts. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Environment Climate’s Effect on Where Species Live, continued Terrestrial Biomes: Taiga • Northern forests of coniferous trees extends across vast areas of Eurasia and North America. This biome, one of the largest on Earth, is called by its Russian name, taiga. • Winters in the taiga are long and cold, and most of the precipitation falls in the summer. Animals include moose, bears. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Environment Climate’s Effect on Where Species Live, continued Terrestrial Biomes: Tundra • Between the taiga and the permanent ice surrounding the North Pole is the biome known as the tundra. Includes caribou, owls, ducks and rabbits. • Annual precipitation in the tundra is very low and water is unavailable for most of the year because it is frozen. • The permafrost, or permanent ice, usually exists within 1 m (about 3 ft) of the surface. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Environment Climate’s Effect on Where Species Live, continued Terrestrial Biomes: Deserts • Typically, less than 25 cm (10 in.) of precipitation falls annually in the world’s desert areas. • Deserts are most extensive in the interiors of continents. Creosote bush and fox live in deserts. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Environment Climate’s Effect on Where Species Live, continued Terrestrial Biomes: Temperate Grasslands • Moderate climates halfway between the equator and the poles promote the growth of rich temperate grasslands called prairies. • Temperate grasslands once covered much of the interior of North America. • Herds of grazing animals often populate temperate grasslands. Rich fertile soil, bison Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Environment Climate’s Effect on Where Species Live Terrestrial Biomes: Temperate Deciduous Forest • Temperate deciduous forests (deciduous trees shed their leaves in the fall) grow in areas with relatively warm summers, cold winters, and annual precipitation that generally ranges from 75 to 250 cm (30 to 100 in.). • Temperate deciduous forests cover much of the eastern United States • and are home to deer, bears, beavers, raccoons, and other familiar animals. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Environment Climate’s Effect on Where Species Live, continued Terrestrial Biomes: Temperate Evergreen Forest • Large portions of the southeastern and western United States have • temperate evergreen forests—extensive areas where pine forests predominate over deciduous forests. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.