SUBSTITUTION OF NATURAL GAS FOR COAL: CLIMATIC
... sulfur. Carbon emissions increase with coal rank, from bituminous coal through sub-bituminous up to lignite or brown coal (Hong and Slatick, 1994), producing emission factors that range from 16.5 to 29.5 kgC/GJ, depending on coal type. An emission factor of 25.0 kgC/GJ is representative of the globa ...
... sulfur. Carbon emissions increase with coal rank, from bituminous coal through sub-bituminous up to lignite or brown coal (Hong and Slatick, 1994), producing emission factors that range from 16.5 to 29.5 kgC/GJ, depending on coal type. An emission factor of 25.0 kgC/GJ is representative of the globa ...
Climate projections: Past performance no guarantee of future skill?
... (bottom) Siberian 20-year mean surface temperature for the 17-model ensemble (grey dotted), best selected ensembles of all sizes (black dashed) and the mean of all possible combinations of models (or random selection) for each ensemble size (solid black); the combinations of ensembles with minimum e ...
... (bottom) Siberian 20-year mean surface temperature for the 17-model ensemble (grey dotted), best selected ensembles of all sizes (black dashed) and the mean of all possible combinations of models (or random selection) for each ensemble size (solid black); the combinations of ensembles with minimum e ...
Palutikof
... ways that are expected to alter our climate • There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities • Human influences will continue to change atmospheric composion throughout the 21st century • Global temperatures and sea lev ...
... ways that are expected to alter our climate • There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities • Human influences will continue to change atmospheric composion throughout the 21st century • Global temperatures and sea lev ...
Oceanic climate and circulation changes during the past four
... Indonesian eruption in 1809 (Figure 3c). The two periods of lowest D14C values (1811– 1814, averaged 70.7 ± 1.1% sd; and 1823, 72.5%) in the Galápagos coral occurred several years after the two highest peaks in volcanic aerosol optical depth at the equator (1809– 1810 and 1815 – 1816) [Robertson ...
... Indonesian eruption in 1809 (Figure 3c). The two periods of lowest D14C values (1811– 1814, averaged 70.7 ± 1.1% sd; and 1823, 72.5%) in the Galápagos coral occurred several years after the two highest peaks in volcanic aerosol optical depth at the equator (1809– 1810 and 1815 – 1816) [Robertson ...
Tropical cyclones and climate change
... their explicit representation of TCs,12 and their performance in representing various TC climatological metrics varies among available reanalyses.13 Efforts have also been made using geological techniques to determine TC incidence in the distant past, and these studies have revealed surprisingly lar ...
... their explicit representation of TCs,12 and their performance in representing various TC climatological metrics varies among available reanalyses.13 Efforts have also been made using geological techniques to determine TC incidence in the distant past, and these studies have revealed surprisingly lar ...
Climate change, ocean processes and ocean iron fertilization
... long term reduction in ocean productivity, alteration of the structure of marine food webs, and a more rapid increase in ocean acidity. Most importantly, increased remineralization associated with the increased downward export of organic carbon particles would result in increased production of the t ...
... long term reduction in ocean productivity, alteration of the structure of marine food webs, and a more rapid increase in ocean acidity. Most importantly, increased remineralization associated with the increased downward export of organic carbon particles would result in increased production of the t ...
Noctilucent Clouds
... Temperature in the Mesosphere is decreasing Temperatures near 80 km have cooled by almost 5 K every 10 years, since measurements were started in the 1950’s ...
... Temperature in the Mesosphere is decreasing Temperatures near 80 km have cooled by almost 5 K every 10 years, since measurements were started in the 1950’s ...
Ideological cultures and media discourses on
... 2. Science, ideology and the media Studies of the relation of science and the media were for long dominated by a “transmissional” notion of communication. The “canonical view,” typically conceptualizing science communication as “popularization,” was centered on issues of quantity and rigor: how much ...
... 2. Science, ideology and the media Studies of the relation of science and the media were for long dominated by a “transmissional” notion of communication. The “canonical view,” typically conceptualizing science communication as “popularization,” was centered on issues of quantity and rigor: how much ...
Climate Change Scenarios for New Zealand Rainfall
... available as manually digitized breakpoint datasets, and those months from earlier years that were selected for the analog period were specially digitized for this study. To represent the future, an analog period with a length of several years was constructed by selecting from a recent 44-yr period ...
... available as manually digitized breakpoint datasets, and those months from earlier years that were selected for the analog period were specially digitized for this study. To represent the future, an analog period with a length of several years was constructed by selecting from a recent 44-yr period ...
Agriculture and food systems in sub
... is fitted to a calibration dataset of over 10 000 weather stations worldwide, clustered into some 700 climate clusters, using monthly values of precipitation and maximum and minimum temperatures. All weather stations in the dataset have at least 12 years of daily data, and a few have 100 years or mor ...
... is fitted to a calibration dataset of over 10 000 weather stations worldwide, clustered into some 700 climate clusters, using monthly values of precipitation and maximum and minimum temperatures. All weather stations in the dataset have at least 12 years of daily data, and a few have 100 years or mor ...
extremes
... our sample of 16 “focus” countries, the productivity change that corresponds to a once-in-30-year climate extreme is found to be the interannual productivity change that occurs 3.33 percent of the time, in the left hand tails of the productivity distributions. We examine the poverty impacts of the c ...
... our sample of 16 “focus” countries, the productivity change that corresponds to a once-in-30-year climate extreme is found to be the interannual productivity change that occurs 3.33 percent of the time, in the left hand tails of the productivity distributions. We examine the poverty impacts of the c ...
The Health Effects of Climate Change in the WHO European Region
... the cold season was associated with a 1.62% increase in daily total (natural) mortality, and a 2.29%, 2.80%, and 2.03% increase in mortality from cardiovascular, respiratory, and cerebrovascular causes, respectively [35]. A lag effect of up to 23 days was observed, particularly for respiratory morta ...
... the cold season was associated with a 1.62% increase in daily total (natural) mortality, and a 2.29%, 2.80%, and 2.03% increase in mortality from cardiovascular, respiratory, and cerebrovascular causes, respectively [35]. A lag effect of up to 23 days was observed, particularly for respiratory morta ...
Oceans Day Bulletin
... Climate change is considered to be one of the most serious threats to sustainable development, with adverse impacts expected on the environment, human health, food security, economic activity, natural resources, and physical infrastructure. While the global climate varies naturally, ...
... Climate change is considered to be one of the most serious threats to sustainable development, with adverse impacts expected on the environment, human health, food security, economic activity, natural resources, and physical infrastructure. While the global climate varies naturally, ...
Explaining Extreme Events of 2013 from a Climate
... ABSTRACT—Stephanie C. Herring, Martin P. Hoerling, Thomas C. Peterson, and Peter A. Stott Attribution of extreme events is a challenging science and one that is currently undergoing considerable evolution. In this paper, 20 different research groups explored the causes of 16 different events that o ...
... ABSTRACT—Stephanie C. Herring, Martin P. Hoerling, Thomas C. Peterson, and Peter A. Stott Attribution of extreme events is a challenging science and one that is currently undergoing considerable evolution. In this paper, 20 different research groups explored the causes of 16 different events that o ...
explaining extreme events of 2013
... ABSTRACT—Stephanie C. Herring, Martin P. Hoerling, Thomas C. Peterson, and Peter A. Stott Attribution of extreme events is a challenging science and one that is currently undergoing considerable evolution. In this paper, 20 different research groups explored the causes of 16 different events that o ...
... ABSTRACT—Stephanie C. Herring, Martin P. Hoerling, Thomas C. Peterson, and Peter A. Stott Attribution of extreme events is a challenging science and one that is currently undergoing considerable evolution. In this paper, 20 different research groups explored the causes of 16 different events that o ...
Climate, Weather and Plants
... Non‐urban modification Modification by buildings and urban areas ...
... Non‐urban modification Modification by buildings and urban areas ...
Potential Arctic tundra vegetation shifts in
... al., 2005). Given the large soil organic carbon stocks in permafrost (Zimov et al., 2006a; Tarnocai et al., 2009), there is a major concern that these stocks get decomposed and subsequently released as CO2 and CH4 to the atmosphere (Dutta et al., 2006; McGuire et al., 2009). An increase in greenhous ...
... al., 2005). Given the large soil organic carbon stocks in permafrost (Zimov et al., 2006a; Tarnocai et al., 2009), there is a major concern that these stocks get decomposed and subsequently released as CO2 and CH4 to the atmosphere (Dutta et al., 2006; McGuire et al., 2009). An increase in greenhous ...
Limitations of integrated assessment models of climate change
... of human lives and ecosystems, while downplaying scientific uncertainty about the extent of expected damages. In addition, IAMs may exaggerate mitigation costs by failing to reflect the socially determined, path-dependent nature of technical change and ignoring the potential savings from reduced ene ...
... of human lives and ecosystems, while downplaying scientific uncertainty about the extent of expected damages. In addition, IAMs may exaggerate mitigation costs by failing to reflect the socially determined, path-dependent nature of technical change and ignoring the potential savings from reduced ene ...
simulated hydrologic responses to climate variations and change in
... western United States (e.g., U.S. National Assessment Synthesis Team, 2000). Consequently, the temperature-dependent aspects of the present analysis, which includes a simulated warming in California by about +2.4 ◦ C over the next century, are probably representative of responses that would arise fr ...
... western United States (e.g., U.S. National Assessment Synthesis Team, 2000). Consequently, the temperature-dependent aspects of the present analysis, which includes a simulated warming in California by about +2.4 ◦ C over the next century, are probably representative of responses that would arise fr ...
Climate Change Effects on Marine and Coastal Habitats in
... Ocean water temperatures are expected to rise as global air temperatures rise,15 since the world’s oceans are the main storage reservoir for excess heat energy initially retained within Earth’s atmosphere.16 Since 1961, the oceans have been absorbing more than 80% of the heat added to the climate sy ...
... Ocean water temperatures are expected to rise as global air temperatures rise,15 since the world’s oceans are the main storage reservoir for excess heat energy initially retained within Earth’s atmosphere.16 Since 1961, the oceans have been absorbing more than 80% of the heat added to the climate sy ...
Issue 04 Autumn 2006
... The evaluation of interannual variations of oceanic carbon sources and sinks represents an important step for better understanding the coupling between climate change and the global carbon cycle. It is well observed that the atmospheric CO2 is increasing regularly at 1.34 ± 0.54 µatm/yr since 1960. ...
... The evaluation of interannual variations of oceanic carbon sources and sinks represents an important step for better understanding the coupling between climate change and the global carbon cycle. It is well observed that the atmospheric CO2 is increasing regularly at 1.34 ± 0.54 µatm/yr since 1960. ...
IS THERE A HOLE IN THE OZONE LAYER OF YOUR CLIMATE
... I have an insider’s knowledge. changes, whose social and Since social science started biophysical implications institutions such as the analysing how climate change became a significant IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) problem for human societies (and, therefore, an have warned us ab ...
... I have an insider’s knowledge. changes, whose social and Since social science started biophysical implications institutions such as the analysing how climate change became a significant IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) problem for human societies (and, therefore, an have warned us ab ...
Transportation & Climate Change in Manitoba – A Primer
... Impacts of Climate Change on the Transportation Industry Once thought of as a future concern, impacts on transportation systems are now being experienced in Manitoba that are consistent with what is predicted to result from climate change. The most obvious impact may be seen on transportation networ ...
... Impacts of Climate Change on the Transportation Industry Once thought of as a future concern, impacts on transportation systems are now being experienced in Manitoba that are consistent with what is predicted to result from climate change. The most obvious impact may be seen on transportation networ ...
national sweater day - WWF
... the Ice Age that wiped out dinosaurs, so it makes sense that the Earth’s temperature continues to rise. The reason scientists are worried is because the Earth’s temperature is rising at a faster pace than ever before. By turning down the heat on February 2, we’re helping to slow that rate of change. ...
... the Ice Age that wiped out dinosaurs, so it makes sense that the Earth’s temperature continues to rise. The reason scientists are worried is because the Earth’s temperature is rising at a faster pace than ever before. By turning down the heat on February 2, we’re helping to slow that rate of change. ...
A New Theory of Cloud Formation and Climate Change on the Earth
... conditions and narrowest compact rings of annual growth of Spruce, Sequoia and other kinds of trees etc. have been very well documented. For the entire life of a tree, a year-by-year record of the climatic conditions during its growth is created in that a wet summer and long growing season results i ...
... conditions and narrowest compact rings of annual growth of Spruce, Sequoia and other kinds of trees etc. have been very well documented. For the entire life of a tree, a year-by-year record of the climatic conditions during its growth is created in that a wet summer and long growing season results i ...
Instrumental temperature record
The instrumental temperature record shows fluctuations of the temperature of earth's climate system. Initially the instrumental temperature record only documented land and sea surface temperature, but in recent decades instruments have also begun recording ocean temperature. Data is collected from thousands of meteorological stations around the globe and through satellite observations. The longest-running temperature record is the Central England temperature data series, that starts in 1659. The longest-running quasi-global record starts in 1850.