Enhancement of the albedo of low stratus marine clouds
... liquid water path (see equation 2.13) and CDNC do not need to be very large to produce a large cooling effect. Kristjánsson et al.,(2005) found that direct and indirect effects of aerosol forcing have negative effects on the radiative balance, i.e. cooling effect. The direct forcing is a term for the in ...
... liquid water path (see equation 2.13) and CDNC do not need to be very large to produce a large cooling effect. Kristjánsson et al.,(2005) found that direct and indirect effects of aerosol forcing have negative effects on the radiative balance, i.e. cooling effect. The direct forcing is a term for the in ...
High-latitude cooling associated with landscape
... and severity by the end of the 21st century, due primarily to longer growing seasons and exacerbated mid-summer drought. Studies using fire weather indices or statistical relationships between burn area and climate variables from climate models generally predict increases in burn area on the order o ...
... and severity by the end of the 21st century, due primarily to longer growing seasons and exacerbated mid-summer drought. Studies using fire weather indices or statistical relationships between burn area and climate variables from climate models generally predict increases in burn area on the order o ...
PDF
... wars to current and lagged temperature (and time-varying controls, in some models). Their findings were staggering. A 1% increase in temperature leads to a 4.5% increase in civil war in the same year, and a 0.9% increase in the next year –– representing a 49% relative increase in the incidence of w ...
... wars to current and lagged temperature (and time-varying controls, in some models). Their findings were staggering. A 1% increase in temperature leads to a 4.5% increase in civil war in the same year, and a 0.9% increase in the next year –– representing a 49% relative increase in the incidence of w ...
Put title here. - Denver Climate Study Group
... - 24 hour summer daylight and 24 winter darkness within a region of warm air and sea temperatures ...
... - 24 hour summer daylight and 24 winter darkness within a region of warm air and sea temperatures ...
04 Morlot.P65
... • How might we use current knowledge, including the global climate impacts literature, to guide interpretation of Article 2? In particular, what types of climate change impacts (or metrics for impacts) might be used to guide policy decisions on both mitigation and, to some extent, priorities for ada ...
... • How might we use current knowledge, including the global climate impacts literature, to guide interpretation of Article 2? In particular, what types of climate change impacts (or metrics for impacts) might be used to guide policy decisions on both mitigation and, to some extent, priorities for ada ...
Ethics, equity and the economics of climate change. Paper 1: science and philosophy: Working Paper 84a (568 kB) (opens in new window)
... effect – where warming melts ice at the poles meaning that less solar radiation is reflected and the atmosphere warms. There are cloud feedbacks – where more clouds have a net warming effect through trapping more heat (an effect which seems stronger than any reflection of heat). There are also negat ...
... effect – where warming melts ice at the poles meaning that less solar radiation is reflected and the atmosphere warms. There are cloud feedbacks – where more clouds have a net warming effect through trapping more heat (an effect which seems stronger than any reflection of heat). There are also negat ...
Rapid upslope shifts in New Guinean birds illustrate
... contained only two resurveys from tropical regions, and therefore did not compare upslope shifts between tropical and temperate species. Our two resurveys, in conjunction with recent tropical resurveys across a variety of taxonomic groups (5, 26, 27), provide sufficient tropical data points to permi ...
... contained only two resurveys from tropical regions, and therefore did not compare upslope shifts between tropical and temperate species. Our two resurveys, in conjunction with recent tropical resurveys across a variety of taxonomic groups (5, 26, 27), provide sufficient tropical data points to permi ...
- Wiley Online Library
... of soils with high specific surface area (SSA) and result in lower measures of Ψs at a given soil water content compared to low SSA soils (Cosby et al., 1984). Fine clay soils of particle diameter less than 0.002 mm have a SSA up to 840 m2 g1, whereas the SSA for gravel soils of diameter 2 mm may b ...
... of soils with high specific surface area (SSA) and result in lower measures of Ψs at a given soil water content compared to low SSA soils (Cosby et al., 1984). Fine clay soils of particle diameter less than 0.002 mm have a SSA up to 840 m2 g1, whereas the SSA for gravel soils of diameter 2 mm may b ...
Climate Change Planning in Alaska`s National Parks
... a regional section that provides information on changes, organized around seven types of impacts a section outlining No Regrets Actions that can be taken now to mitigate and adapt to climate changes and a general section on Global Climate Change arranged around four topics ...
... a regional section that provides information on changes, organized around seven types of impacts a section outlining No Regrets Actions that can be taken now to mitigate and adapt to climate changes and a general section on Global Climate Change arranged around four topics ...
05.08.2008 Information Notice On Readjustment (Adaptation) to
... climatically unfavourable world regions to regions where the manifestations of climate change will not be so sudden or unfavourable, may arise; ■ the liabilities specified in legal acts and policy planning documents of the European Union, as well as the Framework Convention on Climate Change of the ...
... climatically unfavourable world regions to regions where the manifestations of climate change will not be so sudden or unfavourable, may arise; ■ the liabilities specified in legal acts and policy planning documents of the European Union, as well as the Framework Convention on Climate Change of the ...
Towards a typology for constrained climate model forecasts
... observable quantities that, on the basis of the evidence available, the model appears capable of simulating for at least some settings of the parameters Θ; M2, metrics in which the individual contributions to r2 from different observation-types are renormalized by the error in the best available (or ...
... observable quantities that, on the basis of the evidence available, the model appears capable of simulating for at least some settings of the parameters Θ; M2, metrics in which the individual contributions to r2 from different observation-types are renormalized by the error in the best available (or ...
The Perspectives of Climate Scientists on Global Climate Change
... scientists, Dennis Bray and Hans von Storch. Bray is a research scientist at the GKSS Institute of Coastal Research in Geesthacht, Germany. Von Storch is a climatology professor at the University of Hamburg and director of the Institute of Coastal Research. More than 530 climate scientists from 27 d ...
... scientists, Dennis Bray and Hans von Storch. Bray is a research scientist at the GKSS Institute of Coastal Research in Geesthacht, Germany. Von Storch is a climatology professor at the University of Hamburg and director of the Institute of Coastal Research. More than 530 climate scientists from 27 d ...
UNDP Climate Change Inside Eng1
... This is not our usual climate change news. Usually the story in Indonesia is one of rapid deforestation, forest fires, degraded peatlands, and diminishing carbon ‘sinks’ – with Indonesia thus identified as a major contributor to global warming. All this is true, but it is only half the story. As thi ...
... This is not our usual climate change news. Usually the story in Indonesia is one of rapid deforestation, forest fires, degraded peatlands, and diminishing carbon ‘sinks’ – with Indonesia thus identified as a major contributor to global warming. All this is true, but it is only half the story. As thi ...
Impact of the Kyoto Protocol on Stabilization of Carbon
... change per year and not more than 0.5 percentage point change in trend per year). Figure 2 provides the results, where the emission reductions start in 2002, in 2010 under the assumption the Kyoto Protocol is or is not implemented or in 2020. The figure provides the annual change in global CO2 emiss ...
... change per year and not more than 0.5 percentage point change in trend per year). Figure 2 provides the results, where the emission reductions start in 2002, in 2010 under the assumption the Kyoto Protocol is or is not implemented or in 2020. The figure provides the annual change in global CO2 emiss ...
Climate Change and British Woodland
... change could exacerbate this problem. Climatic warming may also lead to delayed or incomplete winter hardening, potentially resulting in more serious winter cold damage. In addition, warmer winters may mean that winter chilling requirements for flowering or seed germination are not met (Vegis, 1964) ...
... change could exacerbate this problem. Climatic warming may also lead to delayed or incomplete winter hardening, potentially resulting in more serious winter cold damage. In addition, warmer winters may mean that winter chilling requirements for flowering or seed germination are not met (Vegis, 1964) ...
Living in an Uncertain World
... respect to the response of social and biological systems to multiple stressors – strongly argues for mitigation rather than adaptation (reinforcing and adding to other arguments, i.e. ethical ones). 2. To limit global warming to 2C – in fact, to keep global warming below 5C – we must cut emissions m ...
... respect to the response of social and biological systems to multiple stressors – strongly argues for mitigation rather than adaptation (reinforcing and adding to other arguments, i.e. ethical ones). 2. To limit global warming to 2C – in fact, to keep global warming below 5C – we must cut emissions m ...
Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in water hazard assessments using regional
... “The scientific community is developing regional climate downscaling (RCD) techniques to reconcile the scale mismatch between coarse-resolution OA/GCMs and location-specific information needs of adaptation planners……It is becoming apparent, however, that downscaling also has serious practical limita ...
... “The scientific community is developing regional climate downscaling (RCD) techniques to reconcile the scale mismatch between coarse-resolution OA/GCMs and location-specific information needs of adaptation planners……It is becoming apparent, however, that downscaling also has serious practical limita ...
PDF - Climate Diplomacy
... (e.g. see Ceccato 2005; Mares & Moffet 2016; Ranson 2014), whereas studies investigating the relationship between temperature and large-scale violence, including civil conflict, have produced more mixed results. Similarly, research conducted at the local level provides much stronger evidence for a ...
... (e.g. see Ceccato 2005; Mares & Moffet 2016; Ranson 2014), whereas studies investigating the relationship between temperature and large-scale violence, including civil conflict, have produced more mixed results. Similarly, research conducted at the local level provides much stronger evidence for a ...
An Uncertain Future: law enforcement, national security and climate
... The difficulty is that analysts are not just examining the direct physical effects of climate change – which are themselves hard enough to predict with certainty – but trying to assess the likely social, political and economic consequences of those physical effects, and how they might in turn intera ...
... The difficulty is that analysts are not just examining the direct physical effects of climate change – which are themselves hard enough to predict with certainty – but trying to assess the likely social, political and economic consequences of those physical effects, and how they might in turn intera ...
Life history and spatial traits predict extinction risk due to climate
... coupled niche–demographic models should be used whenever data allow such models, especially in cases where the impact of climate change depends in part on species interactions28 . We also emphasize that these results are based on amphibian and reptile species in the contiguous US and, although we pr ...
... coupled niche–demographic models should be used whenever data allow such models, especially in cases where the impact of climate change depends in part on species interactions28 . We also emphasize that these results are based on amphibian and reptile species in the contiguous US and, although we pr ...
On summing the components of radiative forcing of climate change
... varies between models, it appears approximately independent of the sign, magnitude, and spatial distribution of the RF (Ramaswamy and Chen 1997a; Le Treut et al. 1998; Hansen et al. 1998; Forster et al. 2000). There have been signi®cant advances in our understanding of RF mechanisms. IPCC (1990) and ...
... varies between models, it appears approximately independent of the sign, magnitude, and spatial distribution of the RF (Ramaswamy and Chen 1997a; Le Treut et al. 1998; Hansen et al. 1998; Forster et al. 2000). There have been signi®cant advances in our understanding of RF mechanisms. IPCC (1990) and ...
Sydney/Central Coast Region
... Weather conditions conducive to large, intense fires to increase The conditions conducive to large and intense fires, such as prolonged drought, days of high temperature, high wind speed, and low humidity, are anticipated to increase. However, a much better understanding of future changes to the fr ...
... Weather conditions conducive to large, intense fires to increase The conditions conducive to large and intense fires, such as prolonged drought, days of high temperature, high wind speed, and low humidity, are anticipated to increase. However, a much better understanding of future changes to the fr ...
Impact of nitrogen and climate change interactions on ambient air
... As discussed previously, meteorology and Nr both play important roles in ambient air pollution formation. In order to hypothesize about the likely impact of climate change (i.e., changing meteorological patterns) on ambient air pollution, the complex interactions between meteorology and Nr need to b ...
... As discussed previously, meteorology and Nr both play important roles in ambient air pollution formation. In order to hypothesize about the likely impact of climate change (i.e., changing meteorological patterns) on ambient air pollution, the complex interactions between meteorology and Nr need to b ...
Environmental and historical constraints on global patterns of
... in speciation and extinction rates by partitioning data according to seven biogeographic realms (Udvardy 1975). While this representation of history is relatively crude, it does capture major known differential histories of amphibian speciation and extinction, such as those in the New and Old Worlds ...
... in speciation and extinction rates by partitioning data according to seven biogeographic realms (Udvardy 1975). While this representation of history is relatively crude, it does capture major known differential histories of amphibian speciation and extinction, such as those in the New and Old Worlds ...
Instrumental temperature record
The instrumental temperature record shows fluctuations of the temperature of earth's climate system. Initially the instrumental temperature record only documented land and sea surface temperature, but in recent decades instruments have also begun recording ocean temperature. Data is collected from thousands of meteorological stations around the globe and through satellite observations. The longest-running temperature record is the Central England temperature data series, that starts in 1659. The longest-running quasi-global record starts in 1850.