Interactions between temperature and nutrients across levels of
... on growth rates of algae and zooplankton increases with temperature, such that growth is most sensitive to changes in nutrient supply in warm vs. cold environments (but see McFeeters & Frost, 2011). Alternatively, if hypothesis two had the most support, growth would show the same relative resource d ...
... on growth rates of algae and zooplankton increases with temperature, such that growth is most sensitive to changes in nutrient supply in warm vs. cold environments (but see McFeeters & Frost, 2011). Alternatively, if hypothesis two had the most support, growth would show the same relative resource d ...
emissions - Alan Robock
... - 10 to the upper troposphere, and then fighter planes would ferry the sulfur gas up into the stratosphere (Figure 2b). It may also be possible to have a tanker tow a glider with a hose to loft the exit nozzle into the stratosphere. In addition to the issues of how to emit the gas as a function of ...
... - 10 to the upper troposphere, and then fighter planes would ferry the sulfur gas up into the stratosphere (Figure 2b). It may also be possible to have a tanker tow a glider with a hose to loft the exit nozzle into the stratosphere. In addition to the issues of how to emit the gas as a function of ...
Methane hydrates and Climate Change, Ruppel
... et al. 2008). Only gas hydrates at the top of the GHSZ, nominally at ~225 m depth for pure CH4 hydrate within permafrost, might be vulnerable to dissociation due to atmospheric warming over 103 yr. Such shallow, intrapermafrost gas hydrate has been sampled in the North American Arctic (Collett et al ...
... et al. 2008). Only gas hydrates at the top of the GHSZ, nominally at ~225 m depth for pure CH4 hydrate within permafrost, might be vulnerable to dissociation due to atmospheric warming over 103 yr. Such shallow, intrapermafrost gas hydrate has been sampled in the North American Arctic (Collett et al ...
No consensus on consensus
... The IPCC itself expends considerable effort in assessing uncertainty and levels of confidence in the scientific findings as described in the recent special issue in Climatic Change on Guidance for Characterizing and Communicating Uncertainty and Confidence in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic ...
... The IPCC itself expends considerable effort in assessing uncertainty and levels of confidence in the scientific findings as described in the recent special issue in Climatic Change on Guidance for Characterizing and Communicating Uncertainty and Confidence in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic ...
understanding el niño in ocean–atmosphere general
... observed skewness in simple ENSO models (Lin and Derome 2004; An et al. 2005a,b; Philip and van Oldenborgh 2009) and analyzing it in CGCMs (Hannachi et al. 2003; van Oldenborgh et al. 2005; Yeh and Kirtman 2007). Unlike observations, most GCMs exhibit a linear ENSO, with SST skewness near zero in th ...
... observed skewness in simple ENSO models (Lin and Derome 2004; An et al. 2005a,b; Philip and van Oldenborgh 2009) and analyzing it in CGCMs (Hannachi et al. 2003; van Oldenborgh et al. 2005; Yeh and Kirtman 2007). Unlike observations, most GCMs exhibit a linear ENSO, with SST skewness near zero in th ...
The BBC and ClimaTe Change: a Triple BeTrayal
... favoured coming last: not “the opposition claim that this will just make the rich richer, but the government point out that it will create 10,000 new jobs” but “the government claim it will create 10,000 new jobs, but the opposition point out that it will just make the rich richer.” It is the last t ...
... favoured coming last: not “the opposition claim that this will just make the rich richer, but the government point out that it will create 10,000 new jobs” but “the government claim it will create 10,000 new jobs, but the opposition point out that it will just make the rich richer.” It is the last t ...
Science - Global Policy Lab
... For centuries, thinkers have considered whether and how climatic conditions—such as temperature, rainfall, and violent storms—influence the nature of societies and the performance of economies. A multidisciplinary renaissance of quantitative empirical research is illuminating important linkages in t ...
... For centuries, thinkers have considered whether and how climatic conditions—such as temperature, rainfall, and violent storms—influence the nature of societies and the performance of economies. A multidisciplinary renaissance of quantitative empirical research is illuminating important linkages in t ...
Regional Impacts of climate change
... explaining the increase in fires in the American West after accounting for human settlements and fire management. Extreme heat events in the United States are on the rise. DeGaetano and Allen (2002) found that minimum and maximum temperatures increased in the latter half of the 20 th century, with ...
... explaining the increase in fires in the American West after accounting for human settlements and fire management. Extreme heat events in the United States are on the rise. DeGaetano and Allen (2002) found that minimum and maximum temperatures increased in the latter half of the 20 th century, with ...
Death by Degrees: Ohio - Physicians for Social Responsibility
... to interpret.35 In addition, several behavioral risk factors associated with the development of these diseases, such as being overweight, physical inactivity, smoking, and hypertension, already affect large proportions of Ohio’s population, making them even more vulnerable to the higher temperatures ...
... to interpret.35 In addition, several behavioral risk factors associated with the development of these diseases, such as being overweight, physical inactivity, smoking, and hypertension, already affect large proportions of Ohio’s population, making them even more vulnerable to the higher temperatures ...
SUBSTITUTION OF NATURAL GAS FOR COAL: CLIMATIC
... coal mining could decrease; however, this decrease may be offset by increased CH4 emissions from natural gas processing and transportation. Finally, reduction of sulfur dioxide (SO2 ) emissions associated with coal use has the potential to warm climate through elimination of the cooling effect of su ...
... coal mining could decrease; however, this decrease may be offset by increased CH4 emissions from natural gas processing and transportation. Finally, reduction of sulfur dioxide (SO2 ) emissions associated with coal use has the potential to warm climate through elimination of the cooling effect of su ...
Northern African climate at the end of the twenty
... of the AR4 AOGCMs to select models that more accurately represent northern African rainfall and the West African monsoon system, including its interannual variability, reasoning that these models may produce more reliable projections of future climate. They chose three models that capture the region ...
... of the AR4 AOGCMs to select models that more accurately represent northern African rainfall and the West African monsoon system, including its interannual variability, reasoning that these models may produce more reliable projections of future climate. They chose three models that capture the region ...
Climate Press
... integrating it into the model would cause a considerable deviation from reality. Alternatively, there might be another unknown process which – by chance – would compensate for that deviation, which is highly unlikely. Which information is provided by climate models, and which is not? Today, climate ...
... integrating it into the model would cause a considerable deviation from reality. Alternatively, there might be another unknown process which – by chance – would compensate for that deviation, which is highly unlikely. Which information is provided by climate models, and which is not? Today, climate ...
Multi-decadal variations in Southern Hemisphere atmospheric 14C
... for the Northern Hemisphere) [Bronk Ramsey et al., 2010; Manning et al., 2001] is presently unclear. We therefore concentrate on the temporal variations preserved across the datasets. Previous work has indicated that temporal variability in Southern Hemisphere atmospheric 14CO2 is strongly influence ...
... for the Northern Hemisphere) [Bronk Ramsey et al., 2010; Manning et al., 2001] is presently unclear. We therefore concentrate on the temporal variations preserved across the datasets. Previous work has indicated that temporal variability in Southern Hemisphere atmospheric 14CO2 is strongly influence ...
Climate Change Impacts on Australia and the Benefits of Early
... flooding. Global large-scale singularities, such as a slowing or collapse of the ocean’s thermohaline circulation or the collapse of the ice sheets of West Antarctica or Greenland, would also have important long-term implications for Australia’s climate and coastline. Avoiding, or at the very least ...
... flooding. Global large-scale singularities, such as a slowing or collapse of the ocean’s thermohaline circulation or the collapse of the ice sheets of West Antarctica or Greenland, would also have important long-term implications for Australia’s climate and coastline. Avoiding, or at the very least ...
Slide 1
... 7. High priority for additional observations should be focused on datapoor regions, poorly-observed parameters, regions sensitive to change, and key measurements with inadequate temporal resolution. Observed where we don’t have data and where new data would help most. 8. Long-term requirements shoul ...
... 7. High priority for additional observations should be focused on datapoor regions, poorly-observed parameters, regions sensitive to change, and key measurements with inadequate temporal resolution. Observed where we don’t have data and where new data would help most. 8. Long-term requirements shoul ...
Cutting the Knot
... sensitive ecosystems, harms that will become extreme long before temperatures rise to a level that threatens global climate catastrophe.2 Indeed, with recent droughts, heat waves and storms consistent with the anticipated impacts of a warming climate, and particularly with new evidence of drastic im ...
... sensitive ecosystems, harms that will become extreme long before temperatures rise to a level that threatens global climate catastrophe.2 Indeed, with recent droughts, heat waves and storms consistent with the anticipated impacts of a warming climate, and particularly with new evidence of drastic im ...
Radiative forcing of gases, aerosols and, clouds.
... Figure 25.1 Diagram illustrating how radiative forcing is linked to other aspects of climate change assessed by the IPCC. Human activities and natural processes cause direct and indirect changes in climate change drivers. In general, these changes result in specific radiative forcing changes, either ...
... Figure 25.1 Diagram illustrating how radiative forcing is linked to other aspects of climate change assessed by the IPCC. Human activities and natural processes cause direct and indirect changes in climate change drivers. In general, these changes result in specific radiative forcing changes, either ...
Oceanic climate and circulation changes during the past four
... Indonesian eruption in 1809 (Figure 3c). The two periods of lowest D14C values (1811– 1814, averaged 70.7 ± 1.1% sd; and 1823, 72.5%) in the Galápagos coral occurred several years after the two highest peaks in volcanic aerosol optical depth at the equator (1809– 1810 and 1815 – 1816) [Robertson ...
... Indonesian eruption in 1809 (Figure 3c). The two periods of lowest D14C values (1811– 1814, averaged 70.7 ± 1.1% sd; and 1823, 72.5%) in the Galápagos coral occurred several years after the two highest peaks in volcanic aerosol optical depth at the equator (1809– 1810 and 1815 – 1816) [Robertson ...
Global warming hiatus
A global warming hiatus, also sometimes referred to as a global warming pause or a global warming slowdown, is a period of relatively little change in globally averaged surface temperatures. In the current episode of global warming many such periods are evident in the surface temperature record, along with robust evidence of the long term warming trend.The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006 assertions had been made that this showed that global warming had stopped. A 2009 study showed that decades without warming were not exceptional, and in 2011 a study showed that if allowances were made for known variability, the rising temperature trend continued unabated. There was increased public interest in 2013 in the run-up to publication of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, and despite concerns that a 15-year period was too short to determine a meaningful trend, the IPCC included a section on a hiatus, which it defined as a much smaller increasing linear trend over the 15 years from 1998 to 2012, than over the 60 years from 1951 to 2012. Various studies examined possible causes of the short term slowdown. Even though the overall climate system had continued to accumulate energy due to Earth's positive energy budget, the available temperature readings at the earth's surface indicated slower rates of increase in surface warming than in the prior decade. Since measurements at the top of the atmosphere show that Earth is receiving more energy than it is radiating back into space, the retained energy should be producing warming in at least one of the five parts of Earth's climate system.A July 2015 paper on the updated NOAA dataset cast doubt on the existence of this supposed hiatus, and found no indication of a slowdown. This analysis incorporated the latest corrections for known biases in ocean temperature measurements, and new land temperature data. Scientists working on other datasets welcomed this study, though the view was expressed that the short term warming trend had been slower than in previous periods of the same length.