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The cognitive neuroscience of sustained attention
The cognitive neuroscience of sustained attention

The prefrontal cortex encompasses a large and heterogeneous set of
The prefrontal cortex encompasses a large and heterogeneous set of

... monkeys, first mapped on the basis of cellular features, and the distribution of myelin (Brodmann, 1905; Vogt and Vogt, 1919; Walker, 1940; Von Bonin and Bailey, 1947; Sanides, 1970; Barbas and Pandya, 1989; Preuss and Goldman-Rakic, 1991; Morecraft et al., 1992) have been subdivided further with th ...
High baseline activity in inferior temporal cortex
High baseline activity in inferior temporal cortex

The prototype effect revisited: Evidence for an abstract feature model
The prototype effect revisited: Evidence for an abstract feature model

... processed in a manner that is sensitive to multiple, integrated aspects of the face. Some have interpreted this as evidence for the “obligatory processing of all of the features of an object, even when instructions direct the observer to focus on only a single part” (Gauthier & Tarr, 2002). Processi ...
Parallel basal ganglia circuits for voluntary and
Parallel basal ganglia circuits for voluntary and

... et al., 1998) such as gaze orienting (Sparks, 2002), locomotion/posture (Takakusaki et al., 2004), vocalization (Hage and Jurgens, 2006), reaching/grasping (Kinoshita et al., 2012), and eating/drinking (Nakamura and Katakura, 1995). Triggered by particular sensory inputs or internal states, these me ...
Scene perception: inferior temporal cortex neurons encode the
Scene perception: inferior temporal cortex neurons encode the

... neurons to the different stimuli as shown by the anovas.] In this way the parafoveal objects’ edges were close to the edge of an object simultaneously presented at the fovea. This condition is termed the ‘close’ condition, because the objects were closely spaced. The stimuli were chosen in prior scr ...
Functional territories in primate substantia nigra pars reticulata
Functional territories in primate substantia nigra pars reticulata

... with a band-pass filter (200 Hz to 5 kHz; BAK, Mount Airy, MD) and collected at 1 kHz. Spike potentials of single neurons were isolated online using a custom voltage-time window discrimination software (MEX, LSR/NEI/NIH). Identification of CD-SNr and SNr-SC connections. To test if an SNr neuron rece ...
Attractor concretion as a mechanism for the formation of context
Attractor concretion as a mechanism for the formation of context

... defined by the elevated probability of the transitions between CS APunishment and CS B-Reward. The animal observes rarely that CS AReward is followed by CS B-Reward or CS A-Punishment. In other words, if we look at the matrix of transitions between these sequences, we can clearly identify two cluster ...
A Possible Role for Cholinergic Neurons of the Basal Forebrain and
A Possible Role for Cholinergic Neurons of the Basal Forebrain and

... imagery, or abstract concepts (see Baars, 1988, for further description). Higher consciousness is also defined here by its chief characteristics. A dominant feature of higher consciousness is that many features are unified into a gestalt, or whole. Consciousness is largely unified even in split-brai ...
Signals Conveyed in the Pulvinar Pathway from Superior Colliculus
Signals Conveyed in the Pulvinar Pathway from Superior Colliculus

... apse (orthodromic activation), the pulvinar neuron received input from of neurons for each task because many cells were lost after only partial the stimulated structure. By contrast, if stimulation backfired the neuron data collection, and others did not meet offline criteria for a given through its ...
Selectivity for the Shape, Size, and Orientation of Objects for
Selectivity for the Shape, Size, and Orientation of Objects for

... or fixating on three-dimensional (3D) objects of different geometric shapes, sizes, and orientations. We studied the activity of 132 task-related neurons during the hand-manipulation tasks in the light and in the dark, as well as during object fixation. Seventy-seven percent (101/132) of the hand-ma ...
Selectivity for the Shape, Size, and Orientation of Objects for
Selectivity for the Shape, Size, and Orientation of Objects for

... orientation of objects for grasping in neurons of monkey parietal area AIP. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 2580 –2601, 2000. In this study, we mainly investigated the visual selectivity of hand-manipulation-related neurons in the anterior intraparietal area (area AIP) while the animal was grasping or fixating ...
hippocampo–cerebellar theta band phase synchrony in rabbits
hippocampo–cerebellar theta band phase synchrony in rabbits

... perhaps the most well-known example. The contribution of hippocampal neural activity to cerebellar learning is only possible if there is a functional connection between the two structures. Here, in the context of trace eyeblink conditioning, we show (1) that, in addition to the hippocampus, prominen ...
Coding of relative size in monkey inferotemporal cortex
Coding of relative size in monkey inferotemporal cortex

... Ebenholtz 1959). Encoding of relative size may also be useful in object vision in general, because it might serve to distinguish between highly similar objects. To investigate this issue, we targeted the monkey inferotemporal cortex (IT), an area critical for object recognition, where neurons are to ...
Solving the Distal Reward Problem through
Solving the Distal Reward Problem through

... with DA-modulated STDP to illustrate various aspects of reinforcement of precise firing patterns embedded into the sea of noise. Reinforcing a Synapse In Figure 1, we reinforce contingent firing of 2 neurons by delayed reward to illustrate how DA-modulated STDP addresses the credit assignment problem ...
Neural Responses to Facial Expression and Face Identity in the
Neural Responses to Facial Expression and Face Identity in the

... determine which category of stimuli for which each cell was selective. Identity and expression selectivity were assessed using two-way ANOVAs where the two factors were “Identity” (with five, eight, or ten levels depending on the number of monkeys in the stimulus set) and “Expression” (with three le ...
Neuronal responses to face-like and facial stimuli in the monkey
Neuronal responses to face-like and facial stimuli in the monkey

... sensitive (Goldberg and Wurtz, 1972). These neurons with specific receptive fields are topographically and retinotopically localized (Cynader and Berman, 1972; Dräger and Hubel, 1976). The response magnitude of sSC neurons has been shown to depend on the intensity and contrast of the visual stimuli ...
Chapter 29 - krigolson teaching
Chapter 29 - krigolson teaching

... with the decreased response of neurons in area V1 (see Chapter 25). Large eye movements direct the fovea from one object to another. These movements or saccades bring the high resolution of the fovea to bear on different regions of the visual field, exploiting the high density of photoreceptors in t ...
the functional properties of the light
the functional properties of the light

... what are called associative functions, the neural mechanisms of those associations are still unclear. The second general concept is that the inferior parietal lobule is a higher order processing area of the visual system, for it is known to receive convergent inputs from both the geniculostriate and ...
Postnatal growth and column spacing in cat primary visual cortex
Postnatal growth and column spacing in cat primary visual cortex

... might either cause an enlargement of existing cortical modules, probably without significant changes in neuronal circuitry (“balloon-effect”), or, alternatively, indicate a progressive increase in the number of modules and in the complexity of neuronal circuits. In macaque monkeys, V1 size increased ...
PDF file
PDF file

... vector) states and learns the skills conditioned on each state, so that one skill learned from a particular context sequence can be correctly transfer to infinitely many equivalent context sequences in the future without a need for explicit learning. TCM Properties: The new work here proves a series ...
PDF - Bellen Lab
PDF - Bellen Lab

... 1998). However, more recent studies of ROP, the Drosophila Sec1 homolog, have demonstrated that this protein also performs an inhibitory role in exocytosis in vivo (Schulze et al., 1994; Wu et al., 1998). Hence, it is unclear whether the positive or inhibitory function of ROP/nsec1 is mediated by it ...
Multisensory Integration of Dynamic Faces and Voices
Multisensory Integration of Dynamic Faces and Voices

... In the social world, multiple sensory channels are used concurrently to facilitate communication. Among human and nonhuman primates, faces and voices are the primary means of transmitting social signals (Adolphs, 2003; Ghazanfar and Santos, 2004). Primates recognize the correspondence between specie ...
Principles of Neural Science
Principles of Neural Science

... exciting advances in our understanding of perception have come from merging these two approaches in, for example, recent human experiments that use positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to scan brain function. Early findings in psychophysics and sensory ...
Two Types of Neurons in the Primate Globus
Two Types of Neurons in the Primate Globus

... size of the window was 2° for initial fixation, 6° (antisaccade task) or 3° ( prosaccade task) for the saccade target, and 5° for the maintenance of fixation during target presentation in the NoGo trials. A trial was aborted and followed by a newly selected trial if monkeys failed to maintain eye posi ...
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Binding problem

The binding problem is a term used at the interface between neuroscience, cognitive science and philosophy of mind that has multiple meanings.Firstly, there is the segregation problem: a practical computational problem of how brains segregate elements in complex patterns of sensory input so that they are allocated to discrete ""objects"". In other words, when looking at a blue square and a yellow circle, what neural mechanisms ensure that the square is perceived as blue and the circle as yellow, and not vice versa? The segregation problem is sometimes called BP1.Secondly, there is the combination problem: the problem of how objects, background and abstract or emotional features are combined into a single experience. The combination problem is sometimes called BP2.However, the difference between these two problems is not always clear. Moreover, the historical literature is often ambiguous as to whether it is addressing the segregation or the combination problem.
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