Selaginella
... – Typically grow submerged in water for part or all of life cycle – Plant body • Lobed cormlike structure that undergoes secondary growth and produces roots • Tuft of microphylls that resemble grass leaves – Microphylls filled with large air chambers, have prominent ligules ...
... – Typically grow submerged in water for part or all of life cycle – Plant body • Lobed cormlike structure that undergoes secondary growth and produces roots • Tuft of microphylls that resemble grass leaves – Microphylls filled with large air chambers, have prominent ligules ...
... MC modifies the rooting pattern because acts in the partition of biomass, inhibiting the growth certain parts and increasing other, this way cotton crop can be more efficient and improve water stress resistance (LAMAS et al., 2000), and Nagashima et al. (2005) have confirmed this finding under Brazi ...
A. VEGETATIVE ORGANS 1. AERIAL PARTS
... The shoots consists of the stem (culm, haulm) and the leaves. The stems are cylindrical or rounded and jointed i.e made up of nodes separated by internodes. Internodes can be hollow (e.g. Brachiaria mutica) filled with white pith (e.g. Zea mays, Sorghum vulgare and Hyparrhenia spp.) or solid e.g. Ax ...
... The shoots consists of the stem (culm, haulm) and the leaves. The stems are cylindrical or rounded and jointed i.e made up of nodes separated by internodes. Internodes can be hollow (e.g. Brachiaria mutica) filled with white pith (e.g. Zea mays, Sorghum vulgare and Hyparrhenia spp.) or solid e.g. Ax ...
Physiology of Pruning Fruit Trees
... these apical meristems, the shoots and roots elongate as cells are piled one on another. Behind the region of cell division is a region of cell differentiation, where cells enlarge and differentiate into various tissues. In the axil of each leaf is a small apical meristem called an axillary meristem ...
... these apical meristems, the shoots and roots elongate as cells are piled one on another. Behind the region of cell division is a region of cell differentiation, where cells enlarge and differentiate into various tissues. In the axil of each leaf is a small apical meristem called an axillary meristem ...
植物生物学（Biology of Plants）双语课程教案
... vacuoles, with their cytoplasm. •The vacuole is bounded by a single membrane called the tonoplast. Structure of a typical plant cell Membrane Structure and Function The above figures shows the typical "Unit" membrane which resembles a railroad track with two dense lines separated by a clear space. T ...
... vacuoles, with their cytoplasm. •The vacuole is bounded by a single membrane called the tonoplast. Structure of a typical plant cell Membrane Structure and Function The above figures shows the typical "Unit" membrane which resembles a railroad track with two dense lines separated by a clear space. T ...
non-vascular
... leaves (fronds). You may have seen them. They are the brown "spots" or "pads" on the bottom of the leaves. If you have access to a microscope, use it to look at the spores. You will find them to be a variety of shapes and unique to each kind of fern. Plants from parts is a form of asexual or vegetat ...
... leaves (fronds). You may have seen them. They are the brown "spots" or "pads" on the bottom of the leaves. If you have access to a microscope, use it to look at the spores. You will find them to be a variety of shapes and unique to each kind of fern. Plants from parts is a form of asexual or vegetat ...
Chapter 34: The Plant Body
... • The shoot apical meristem gives rise to three primary meristems, with roles similar to counterparts in the root. • Leaf primordia on the sides of the apical meristem develop into leaves. ...
... • The shoot apical meristem gives rise to three primary meristems, with roles similar to counterparts in the root. • Leaf primordia on the sides of the apical meristem develop into leaves. ...
Supplemental Information
... assays were performed using Col-0 or tpst-1 seeds as described in (Igarashi et al., 2012). Seeds were grown on vertical plates with 0.5× MS with 1% sucrose, solidified with 0.8% agar. After 5 d Arabidopsis seedlings were transferred to a 24 well-plate with 800 µL 0.5× MS MS, 1% sucrose with 100 nM e ...
... assays were performed using Col-0 or tpst-1 seeds as described in (Igarashi et al., 2012). Seeds were grown on vertical plates with 0.5× MS with 1% sucrose, solidified with 0.8% agar. After 5 d Arabidopsis seedlings were transferred to a 24 well-plate with 800 µL 0.5× MS MS, 1% sucrose with 100 nM e ...
2.3.2. Genetic Modification of Plant Cell Walls for Enhanced
... of polysaccharides: cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins. Cellulose is present as long unbranched fibrils composed of approx 30-36 hydrogen-bonded chains of β-(1-4) glucose. Hemicelluloses are branched polysaccharides containing backbones of neutral sugars that can form hydrogen bonds to cellulose ...
... of polysaccharides: cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins. Cellulose is present as long unbranched fibrils composed of approx 30-36 hydrogen-bonded chains of β-(1-4) glucose. Hemicelluloses are branched polysaccharides containing backbones of neutral sugars that can form hydrogen bonds to cellulose ...
6.root diseases
... As the etiology of the disease is still uncertain, controlling the disease continues to be based on sanitation and cultural practices. Removal of severely diseased and uneconomical palms and replanting with high yielding hybrids are recommended. For each tree, application of the following manuring i ...
... As the etiology of the disease is still uncertain, controlling the disease continues to be based on sanitation and cultural practices. Removal of severely diseased and uneconomical palms and replanting with high yielding hybrids are recommended. For each tree, application of the following manuring i ...
Sample Chapter
... Encloses a single female flower with several male flowers. Involucre has also nectar glands. Each stamen is single male flower articulated to a stalk which has scaly bract at the base. e.g. Euphorbia. c. Verticillaster: Condensed type of cymose inflorescence. Looks like flower coming out in a whorl ...
... Encloses a single female flower with several male flowers. Involucre has also nectar glands. Each stamen is single male flower articulated to a stalk which has scaly bract at the base. e.g. Euphorbia. c. Verticillaster: Condensed type of cymose inflorescence. Looks like flower coming out in a whorl ...
The Morphology and Anatomy of Utricularia Transrugosa Stapf.
... concerning the biology of this species which have become known during these investigations. M ORPH O LO G Y . (a) VEG ETATIVE C H A R A C TE R S. This is a small perennial plant reaching a height of 6-10 cms. when in flower. Unless in flower, the plant is likely to be overlooked, as apart from the i ...
... concerning the biology of this species which have become known during these investigations. M ORPH O LO G Y . (a) VEG ETATIVE C H A R A C TE R S. This is a small perennial plant reaching a height of 6-10 cms. when in flower. Unless in flower, the plant is likely to be overlooked, as apart from the i ...
Tissue desintegration
... this substance . Although tryptophan is most important precursor of this auxin, it appears that differentorganisms have envolved different pathways of IAA synthesis involving precursors other than tryptophan. It is also possiblethat some auxin, other than IAA or gibberelins, may be involved in patho ...
... this substance . Although tryptophan is most important precursor of this auxin, it appears that differentorganisms have envolved different pathways of IAA synthesis involving precursors other than tryptophan. It is also possiblethat some auxin, other than IAA or gibberelins, may be involved in patho ...
File - Mr Murphy`s Science Blog
... Each tetrad breaks up to form four separate haploid pollen grains The pollen may divide by mitosis to produce two haploid nuclei , the tube and degenerative nuclei The tube nucleus will form the pollen tube and will then degenerate Degenerative nucleus will form the male gametes When the pollen grai ...
... Each tetrad breaks up to form four separate haploid pollen grains The pollen may divide by mitosis to produce two haploid nuclei , the tube and degenerative nuclei The tube nucleus will form the pollen tube and will then degenerate Degenerative nucleus will form the male gametes When the pollen grai ...
The control of developmental phase transitions in plants
... fertilization, populations of stem cells are established at the opposing ends of the primary growth axis of the developing embryo, forming the root apical meristem (RAM) and the shoot apical meristem (SAM) (red). These meristems give rise to all post-embryonic organs formed throughout the life of a ...
... fertilization, populations of stem cells are established at the opposing ends of the primary growth axis of the developing embryo, forming the root apical meristem (RAM) and the shoot apical meristem (SAM) (red). These meristems give rise to all post-embryonic organs formed throughout the life of a ...
seed
... – this expands the seed, rupturing its coat, and triggers metabolic changes that cause the embryo to resume growth • The embryonic root, or radicle, is the first structure to emerge from the germinating seed • Next, the embryonic shoot breaks through the soil surface ...
... – this expands the seed, rupturing its coat, and triggers metabolic changes that cause the embryo to resume growth • The embryonic root, or radicle, is the first structure to emerge from the germinating seed • Next, the embryonic shoot breaks through the soil surface ...
Chapter 26: The Plant Kingdom
... Seedless vascular plants include ferns and their allies A. There are about 11,000 species of ferns 1. Extant ferns are representatives of a once larger group (in size) a) These plants have vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) for conduction and support b) Most have true roots and leaves 2. Megaphylls ...
... Seedless vascular plants include ferns and their allies A. There are about 11,000 species of ferns 1. Extant ferns are representatives of a once larger group (in size) a) These plants have vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) for conduction and support b) Most have true roots and leaves 2. Megaphylls ...
Kingdom Plantae
... – Loss of green color due to lack of water to leaves during death of abscission layer…less bountiful colors will show through as result • Some colors, such as red, blues, violets only are produced when temps around 40 degrees • Some species do not produce other pigments…so when chlorophyll is lackin ...
... – Loss of green color due to lack of water to leaves during death of abscission layer…less bountiful colors will show through as result • Some colors, such as red, blues, violets only are produced when temps around 40 degrees • Some species do not produce other pigments…so when chlorophyll is lackin ...
Full Article - Pharmascope.org
... row of thick cylindrical cells and abaxial spongy mesophyll tissues of lobed inter connected reticulate cells. Calcium oxalate (Figure 4) druses are seen in the phloem tissue of the midrb.The druses occurs in normal parenchyma cells; they are solitary or in small groups of two or three crystals. The ...
... row of thick cylindrical cells and abaxial spongy mesophyll tissues of lobed inter connected reticulate cells. Calcium oxalate (Figure 4) druses are seen in the phloem tissue of the midrb.The druses occurs in normal parenchyma cells; they are solitary or in small groups of two or three crystals. The ...
The shoot apical meristem and development of vascular architecture1
... sors derived from the L2 and deeper layers of the SAM is less well understood (Steeves and Sussex 1989). The procambium (vascular tissue precursor) becomes distinct from surrounding ground meristem (ground tissue precursor) by differential patterns of cellular vacuolation, division, and enlargement ...
... sors derived from the L2 and deeper layers of the SAM is less well understood (Steeves and Sussex 1989). The procambium (vascular tissue precursor) becomes distinct from surrounding ground meristem (ground tissue precursor) by differential patterns of cellular vacuolation, division, and enlargement ...
- Wiley Online Library
... We show that auxin restricts Azolla root meristem development, while cytokinin promotes it; it is the opposite effect of what is observed in Arabidopsis. Global gene expression profiling uncovered 145 genes significantly regulated by cytokinin or auxin, including cell wall modulators, cell divisio ...
... We show that auxin restricts Azolla root meristem development, while cytokinin promotes it; it is the opposite effect of what is observed in Arabidopsis. Global gene expression profiling uncovered 145 genes significantly regulated by cytokinin or auxin, including cell wall modulators, cell divisio ...
Notes
... A thick waxy coating on their surface to reduce water loss. Sunken stomata to reduce water loss. Hairy leaves to reflect excess light. Succulent leaves to store extra water. Bulbs and tubers to safely store food underground. Needles, thorns, and spines to avoid predation. Modified stems called tendr ...
... A thick waxy coating on their surface to reduce water loss. Sunken stomata to reduce water loss. Hairy leaves to reflect excess light. Succulent leaves to store extra water. Bulbs and tubers to safely store food underground. Needles, thorns, and spines to avoid predation. Modified stems called tendr ...
Root cell patterning: a primary target for aluminium toxicity in maize
... nuclei were found in the cortical initials. By contrast, cell division was stimulated in the distal elongation zone (2.5–3.1 mm). After 180 min the protrusion of an incipient lateral root was observed in this zone. These observations suggest a fast change in cell patterning rather than a general car ...
... nuclei were found in the cortical initials. By contrast, cell division was stimulated in the distal elongation zone (2.5–3.1 mm). After 180 min the protrusion of an incipient lateral root was observed in this zone. These observations suggest a fast change in cell patterning rather than a general car ...
identifying ohio`s noxious weeds
... Life cycle: perennial with creeping roots Habitat: it grows in barrens, glades, meadows, fields, pastures, and waste places. It does best in disturbed upland areas but also invades wet areas with fluctuating water levels such as stream bank sedge meadows. It can also be found in clay to gravely soil ...
... Life cycle: perennial with creeping roots Habitat: it grows in barrens, glades, meadows, fields, pastures, and waste places. It does best in disturbed upland areas but also invades wet areas with fluctuating water levels such as stream bank sedge meadows. It can also be found in clay to gravely soil ...
Meristem
A meristem is the tissue in most plants containing undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells), found in zones of the plant where growth can take place.Meristematic cells give rise to various organs of the plant and keep the plant growing. The shoot apical meristem (SAM) gives rise to organs like the leaves and flowers, while the root apical meristem (RAM) provides the meristematic cells for the future root growth. SAM and RAM cells divide rapidly and are considered indeterminate, in that they do not possess any defined end status. In that sense, the meristematic cells are frequently compared to the stem cells in animals, which have an analogous behavior and function.The term meristem was first used in 1858 by Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli (1817–1891) in his book Beiträge zur Wissenschaftlichen Botanik. It is derived from the Greek word merizein (μερίζειν), meaning to divide, in recognition of its inherent function.In general, differentiated plant cells cannot divide or produce cells of a different type. Therefore, cell division in the meristem is required to provide new cells for expansion and differentiation of tissues and initiation of new organs, providing the basic structure of the plant body.Meristematic cells are incompletely or not at all differentiated, and are capable of continued cellular division (youthful). Furthermore, the cells are small and protoplasm fills the cell completely. The vacuoles are extremely small. The cytoplasm does not contain differentiated plastids (chloroplasts or chromoplasts), although they are present in rudimentary form (proplastids). Meristematic cells are packed closely together without intercellular cavities. The cell wall is a very thin primary cell wall.Maintenance of the cells requires a balance between two antagonistic processes: organ initiation and stem cell population renewal.Apical meristems are the completely undifferentiated (indeterminate) meristems in a plant. These differentiate into three kinds of primary meristems. The primary meristems in turn produce the two secondary meristem types. These secondary meristems are also known as lateral meristems because they are involved in lateral growth.At the meristem summit, there is a small group of slowly dividing cells, which is commonly called the central zone. Cells of this zone have a stem cell function and are essential for meristem maintenance. The proliferation and growth rates at the meristem summit usually differ considerably from those at the periphery.Meristems also are induced in the roots of legumes such as soybean, Lotus japonicus, pea, and Medicago truncatula after infection with soil bacteria commonly called Rhizobium. Cells of the inner or outer cortex in the so-called ""window of nodulation"" just behind the developing root tip are induced to divide. The critical signal substance is the lipo-oligosaccharide Nod-factor, decorated with side groups to allow specificity of interaction. The Nod factor receptor proteins NFR1 and NFR5 were cloned from several legumes including Lotus japonicus, Medicago truncatula and soybean (Glycine max). Regulation of nodule meristems utilizes long distance regulation commonly called ""Autoregulation of Nodulation"" (AON). This process involves a leaf-vascular tissue located LRR receptor kinases (LjHAR1, GmNARK and MtSUNN), CLE peptide signalling, and KAPP interaction, similar to that seen in the CLV1,2,3 system. LjKLAVIER also exhibits a nodule regulation phenotype though it is not yet known how this relates to the other AON receptor kinases.