gymnosperms
... Others like the fescue grass and silverweed establish their dominance by increasing their territory year after year. They do so by putting out traveling stems that advance horizontally close to ground. This habit of the fescue grass not only makes it one of the longest lived of all herbaceous plants ...
... Others like the fescue grass and silverweed establish their dominance by increasing their territory year after year. They do so by putting out traveling stems that advance horizontally close to ground. This habit of the fescue grass not only makes it one of the longest lived of all herbaceous plants ...
07_chapter 1
... Protoplast Culture: It is the culture of isolated protoplasts which are naked plant cells surrounded by plasma membrane which is potentially capable of cell wall regeneration, cell division, growth and plant regeneration on suitable medium under aseptic condition Shoot tip and meristem culture: The ...
... Protoplast Culture: It is the culture of isolated protoplasts which are naked plant cells surrounded by plasma membrane which is potentially capable of cell wall regeneration, cell division, growth and plant regeneration on suitable medium under aseptic condition Shoot tip and meristem culture: The ...
Biojeopardy plant form and function
... of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length. ...
... of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length. ...
How Plants Grow in Response to Their Environment
... stems causes the cells in that area to grow more than the cells on the upper side. The result is a bending upward of the stem against the force of gravity—in other words there is a negative gravitropic response. Such differences in hormone concentration have not been as well documented in roots. Nev ...
... stems causes the cells in that area to grow more than the cells on the upper side. The result is a bending upward of the stem against the force of gravity—in other words there is a negative gravitropic response. Such differences in hormone concentration have not been as well documented in roots. Nev ...
Asexual reproduction
... Each pollen grain divides by mitosis to form the male sex cells or gametes. Pollen grain are formed on the inside of the anther. When the pollen grains are fully developed the anther splits and peels back so that the pollen grains are exposed on the outside of the anther. ...
... Each pollen grain divides by mitosis to form the male sex cells or gametes. Pollen grain are formed on the inside of the anther. When the pollen grains are fully developed the anther splits and peels back so that the pollen grains are exposed on the outside of the anther. ...
Polygonatum pubescens (Willd.) Pursh Solomon-seal
... points. Sessile, or very short petioles. 3-9 prominent veins, finely pubescent below. (May need hand lens.) 5-10 cm long, 1-5 cm wide. Flower: Yellow green or greenish white, 8-12 mm long. Tubular, with 3 each petals and sepals joined, with spreading points. Usually 1 or 2 flowers, but may be up to ...
... points. Sessile, or very short petioles. 3-9 prominent veins, finely pubescent below. (May need hand lens.) 5-10 cm long, 1-5 cm wide. Flower: Yellow green or greenish white, 8-12 mm long. Tubular, with 3 each petals and sepals joined, with spreading points. Usually 1 or 2 flowers, but may be up to ...
Leaf Shape - SellingYourScreenplay.com
... the terms and definitions can be helpful if you want to identify a plant but is not important for most other gardening tasks and can be a source of frustration because of all the different ways the terms are applied by the experts. ...
... the terms and definitions can be helpful if you want to identify a plant but is not important for most other gardening tasks and can be a source of frustration because of all the different ways the terms are applied by the experts. ...
SEEDS A seed is a dormant embryonic plant. All seeds have several
... for the translocation of nutrients form the surrounding tissue to the proembryo. The suspensor ultimately degenerates and the proembryo undergoes a process of irregular meristematic activity that results in a shift from radial to bilateral symmetry. The proembyro eventually becomes a structure with ...
... for the translocation of nutrients form the surrounding tissue to the proembryo. The suspensor ultimately degenerates and the proembryo undergoes a process of irregular meristematic activity that results in a shift from radial to bilateral symmetry. The proembyro eventually becomes a structure with ...
Terminology Used in Plant Descriptions
... will produce two similar halves. Irregular flowers are most often bilaterally symmetrical, where floral parts are grouped or fused so that a cut through only one plane will produce two equal halves (Figs. 23, 36, 39), or they may be entirely asymmetrical. Inflorescences Flowers occur in arrangements ...
... will produce two similar halves. Irregular flowers are most often bilaterally symmetrical, where floral parts are grouped or fused so that a cut through only one plane will produce two equal halves (Figs. 23, 36, 39), or they may be entirely asymmetrical. Inflorescences Flowers occur in arrangements ...
Unit 3.1 Stems
... When growth begins in the spring, the vascular cambium begins to grow rapidly, producing large, light-colored xylem cells, resulting in a lightcolored layer of early wood. As the growing season continues, the cells grow less and have thicker cell walls, forming a layer of darker late wood. This alte ...
... When growth begins in the spring, the vascular cambium begins to grow rapidly, producing large, light-colored xylem cells, resulting in a lightcolored layer of early wood. As the growing season continues, the cells grow less and have thicker cell walls, forming a layer of darker late wood. This alte ...
plant responses to
... specific genes, others deactivate negative transcription factors which decrease transcription. During post-translational modifications of proteins, the activities of existing proteins are modified. In most cases, these modifications involve phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group onto ...
... specific genes, others deactivate negative transcription factors which decrease transcription. During post-translational modifications of proteins, the activities of existing proteins are modified. In most cases, these modifications involve phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group onto ...
Distinct Roles of CONSTANS Target Genes in Reproductive
... 1 (SOC1) and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT ), are required for CO to promote flowering; the others are involved in proline or ethylene biosynthesis. The SOC1 and FT genes are also regulated by a second flowering-time pathway that acts independently of CO. Thus, early target genes of CO define common compone ...
... 1 (SOC1) and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT ), are required for CO to promote flowering; the others are involved in proline or ethylene biosynthesis. The SOC1 and FT genes are also regulated by a second flowering-time pathway that acts independently of CO. Thus, early target genes of CO define common compone ...
Biology 20 Laboratory Plant Diversity and Reproduction OBJECTIVE
... Pollination is the transfer of pollen (and thus sperm) by wind, water or carried by an animal, from an anther to a stigma (from the male reproductive parts to the female reproductive parts). Once the pollen grain leaves the anther, it is bound for the stigma (whether on another flower or plant or th ...
... Pollination is the transfer of pollen (and thus sperm) by wind, water or carried by an animal, from an anther to a stigma (from the male reproductive parts to the female reproductive parts). Once the pollen grain leaves the anther, it is bound for the stigma (whether on another flower or plant or th ...
Lab Packet II
... The vascular plants possess true conducting tissue consisting of xylem and phloem. They are said to possess true leaves, roots and stems. The also possess supporting tissue for more upright growth, stomata (small pores) for the exchange of gases, and a protective layer of cutin which forms a cuticle ...
... The vascular plants possess true conducting tissue consisting of xylem and phloem. They are said to possess true leaves, roots and stems. The also possess supporting tissue for more upright growth, stomata (small pores) for the exchange of gases, and a protective layer of cutin which forms a cuticle ...
Fact Sheet: Dalmatian Toadflax
... Leaves: Leaves are broad and heartshaped with a pointed tip and clasp the stem. They are arranged alternately and are crowded on the lower stem. Leaves decrease in size higher on stem. The most distinctive difference between Yellow and Dalmatian toadflax is that Dalmatian toadflax has broad, heart-s ...
... Leaves: Leaves are broad and heartshaped with a pointed tip and clasp the stem. They are arranged alternately and are crowded on the lower stem. Leaves decrease in size higher on stem. The most distinctive difference between Yellow and Dalmatian toadflax is that Dalmatian toadflax has broad, heart-s ...
Plant Biology - Goodheart
... plant growth. Most growth in plants occurs at the tips of both the main and lateral shoots as well as at the root tips. These growing regions are referred to as the apical meristems, Figure 8-5. The cells in these regions allow the plant to elongate, or lengthen, in size. Girth, or growth in diamete ...
... plant growth. Most growth in plants occurs at the tips of both the main and lateral shoots as well as at the root tips. These growing regions are referred to as the apical meristems, Figure 8-5. The cells in these regions allow the plant to elongate, or lengthen, in size. Girth, or growth in diamete ...
Developmental transitions: integrating
... are perceived by the mother plant to modulate seed germination [31]. A clever genetic trick has been used to enable egg cell fertilization in a prc2 null mutant background [32]. This gave rise to viable embryos that became abnormal only after germination, pinpointing the developmental window during ...
... are perceived by the mother plant to modulate seed germination [31]. A clever genetic trick has been used to enable egg cell fertilization in a prc2 null mutant background [32]. This gave rise to viable embryos that became abnormal only after germination, pinpointing the developmental window during ...
chapter 38 - Course Notes
... The terminal cell gives rise to most of the embryo. The basal cell continues to divide transversely, producing a thread of cells, the suspensor, which anchors the embryo to its parent. The suspensor functions in the transfer of nutrients to the embryo from the parent. ...
... The terminal cell gives rise to most of the embryo. The basal cell continues to divide transversely, producing a thread of cells, the suspensor, which anchors the embryo to its parent. The suspensor functions in the transfer of nutrients to the embryo from the parent. ...
Stem
... (Rhizobium). eg. Plants of leguminosae family (Papilionatae) – Pea. 3. Respiratory roots : Halophyte or mangrove grow in oxygen deficient marshy area. Some branches of tap root in these plants grow vertically & come out from soil. These roots are called pneumatophores through which air enters inside ...
... (Rhizobium). eg. Plants of leguminosae family (Papilionatae) – Pea. 3. Respiratory roots : Halophyte or mangrove grow in oxygen deficient marshy area. Some branches of tap root in these plants grow vertically & come out from soil. These roots are called pneumatophores through which air enters inside ...
Modified Stems
... vegetative propagation. In fact, the widespread artificial vegetative propagation of plants, both commercial and private, frequently involves the cutting of modified stems into segments, which are then planted and produce new plants. As you become acquainted with the following modified stems, keep i ...
... vegetative propagation. In fact, the widespread artificial vegetative propagation of plants, both commercial and private, frequently involves the cutting of modified stems into segments, which are then planted and produce new plants. As you become acquainted with the following modified stems, keep i ...
Pseudoscleropodium purum
... and relatively short branches (the shoots are therefore feather-like). The leaves are erect, loosely appressed and overlapping, only a little longer than wide, and deeply concave. This gives the typically 2 mm wide shoots a stout, fat appearance. The leaves are about 2 mm long, broadly rounded or br ...
... and relatively short branches (the shoots are therefore feather-like). The leaves are erect, loosely appressed and overlapping, only a little longer than wide, and deeply concave. This gives the typically 2 mm wide shoots a stout, fat appearance. The leaves are about 2 mm long, broadly rounded or br ...
Different Techniques of Asexual Reproduction in Plants
... conditions change dramatically, there will be less variation in the population for natural selection to act upon and the species may be less likely to survive. Most roses and potatoes for example, are vegetatively propagated. Vegetative Reproduction In a very common form of asexual reproduction call ...
... conditions change dramatically, there will be less variation in the population for natural selection to act upon and the species may be less likely to survive. Most roses and potatoes for example, are vegetatively propagated. Vegetative Reproduction In a very common form of asexual reproduction call ...
FZR2/CCS52A1 Expression Is A Determinant of
... Misexpression of FZR2 is sufficient to drive endoreduplication While FZR2 function is necessary for endoreduplication in some leaf cells, it was unclear whether its expression is sufficient to drive endoreduplication. Expression of the FZR2 cDNA with the constitutive cauliflower mosaic virus 35S pr ...
... Misexpression of FZR2 is sufficient to drive endoreduplication While FZR2 function is necessary for endoreduplication in some leaf cells, it was unclear whether its expression is sufficient to drive endoreduplication. Expression of the FZR2 cDNA with the constitutive cauliflower mosaic virus 35S pr ...
In vitro plant growth and rooting of Dendrobium nobile using
... Orchid culture is a widely debated topic among scientists. Along the time, experiments were made on different parts of the orchid like the shoot tip, flower stalk, root and the leaf. The Dendrobium is currently one of the most studied species, achieving the best results in vitro cultures. This paper ...
... Orchid culture is a widely debated topic among scientists. Along the time, experiments were made on different parts of the orchid like the shoot tip, flower stalk, root and the leaf. The Dendrobium is currently one of the most studied species, achieving the best results in vitro cultures. This paper ...
Meristem
A meristem is the tissue in most plants containing undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells), found in zones of the plant where growth can take place.Meristematic cells give rise to various organs of the plant and keep the plant growing. The shoot apical meristem (SAM) gives rise to organs like the leaves and flowers, while the root apical meristem (RAM) provides the meristematic cells for the future root growth. SAM and RAM cells divide rapidly and are considered indeterminate, in that they do not possess any defined end status. In that sense, the meristematic cells are frequently compared to the stem cells in animals, which have an analogous behavior and function.The term meristem was first used in 1858 by Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli (1817–1891) in his book Beiträge zur Wissenschaftlichen Botanik. It is derived from the Greek word merizein (μερίζειν), meaning to divide, in recognition of its inherent function.In general, differentiated plant cells cannot divide or produce cells of a different type. Therefore, cell division in the meristem is required to provide new cells for expansion and differentiation of tissues and initiation of new organs, providing the basic structure of the plant body.Meristematic cells are incompletely or not at all differentiated, and are capable of continued cellular division (youthful). Furthermore, the cells are small and protoplasm fills the cell completely. The vacuoles are extremely small. The cytoplasm does not contain differentiated plastids (chloroplasts or chromoplasts), although they are present in rudimentary form (proplastids). Meristematic cells are packed closely together without intercellular cavities. The cell wall is a very thin primary cell wall.Maintenance of the cells requires a balance between two antagonistic processes: organ initiation and stem cell population renewal.Apical meristems are the completely undifferentiated (indeterminate) meristems in a plant. These differentiate into three kinds of primary meristems. The primary meristems in turn produce the two secondary meristem types. These secondary meristems are also known as lateral meristems because they are involved in lateral growth.At the meristem summit, there is a small group of slowly dividing cells, which is commonly called the central zone. Cells of this zone have a stem cell function and are essential for meristem maintenance. The proliferation and growth rates at the meristem summit usually differ considerably from those at the periphery.Meristems also are induced in the roots of legumes such as soybean, Lotus japonicus, pea, and Medicago truncatula after infection with soil bacteria commonly called Rhizobium. Cells of the inner or outer cortex in the so-called ""window of nodulation"" just behind the developing root tip are induced to divide. The critical signal substance is the lipo-oligosaccharide Nod-factor, decorated with side groups to allow specificity of interaction. The Nod factor receptor proteins NFR1 and NFR5 were cloned from several legumes including Lotus japonicus, Medicago truncatula and soybean (Glycine max). Regulation of nodule meristems utilizes long distance regulation commonly called ""Autoregulation of Nodulation"" (AON). This process involves a leaf-vascular tissue located LRR receptor kinases (LjHAR1, GmNARK and MtSUNN), CLE peptide signalling, and KAPP interaction, similar to that seen in the CLV1,2,3 system. LjKLAVIER also exhibits a nodule regulation phenotype though it is not yet known how this relates to the other AON receptor kinases.