Abatement of Nitrous Oxide, Methane, and the Other Non
... volume). More recently the mitigation focus has shifted and grown to include the nonCO2 gases. There is growing recognition that many of the sources of non-CO2 gases are manageable and that small changes in flux can be important and have long-term impact. In one analysis, Hansen et al. (2000) argue ...
... volume). More recently the mitigation focus has shifted and grown to include the nonCO2 gases. There is growing recognition that many of the sources of non-CO2 gases are manageable and that small changes in flux can be important and have long-term impact. In one analysis, Hansen et al. (2000) argue ...
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... Estimates of Northern Hemisphere temperature fluctuations for last 2000 years within ±1ºC of mid-19th century, until the late 20th century rise (IPCC, AR4, WG1 Ch. 6). Little evidence of global temperature outside this range for Holocene period (last 8-9,000 years) but proxy data still limited. ...
... Estimates of Northern Hemisphere temperature fluctuations for last 2000 years within ±1ºC of mid-19th century, until the late 20th century rise (IPCC, AR4, WG1 Ch. 6). Little evidence of global temperature outside this range for Holocene period (last 8-9,000 years) but proxy data still limited. ...
JEDC_email_exchange_2
... page 48 in Figure 2 that a rise of 3°C in global average temperature by 2090 would result in a loss of between 0 and 21 per cent of gross world product, with a mean value of 1.9 per cent and a mode of 3.6 per cent. However, Table 1 of Tol (2013) indicates that the paper found a loss of between 0 and ...
... page 48 in Figure 2 that a rise of 3°C in global average temperature by 2090 would result in a loss of between 0 and 21 per cent of gross world product, with a mean value of 1.9 per cent and a mode of 3.6 per cent. However, Table 1 of Tol (2013) indicates that the paper found a loss of between 0 and ...
This PDF is a selection from a published volume from... Research Volume Title: The Economics of Climate Change: Adaptations Past and...
... such an explanation reveals that the implied upper- tail distribution of climate sensitivity is so “fat” (or “heavy” or “thick”—all synonyms) with probability that its variance is infinite. In other words, essentially the same argument used by most scientists to explain why high values of climate se ...
... such an explanation reveals that the implied upper- tail distribution of climate sensitivity is so “fat” (or “heavy” or “thick”—all synonyms) with probability that its variance is infinite. In other words, essentially the same argument used by most scientists to explain why high values of climate se ...
The Global Politics of Climate Change: Challenge for Political Science
... on the science, and states acting under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change can make binding rules, although only under a cumbersome consensus process. The Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention specified these rules and how they would apply to individual countries. In the intervening y ...
... on the science, and states acting under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change can make binding rules, although only under a cumbersome consensus process. The Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention specified these rules and how they would apply to individual countries. In the intervening y ...
Climate Literacy Principles
... sustainable communities that are resilient in the face of natural disasters as well as climate change, a climate literate citizenry is essential. This framework for climate literacy identifies the essential principles and fundamental concepts that individuals need to understand in order to make appr ...
... sustainable communities that are resilient in the face of natural disasters as well as climate change, a climate literate citizenry is essential. This framework for climate literacy identifies the essential principles and fundamental concepts that individuals need to understand in order to make appr ...
Climate Change Position Statement and 2020 Action Plan
... Climate Change Position Statement in 2008; this marks our third update of that statement, and we will continue to strengthen our approach as science, technology and policy develops. ...
... Climate Change Position Statement in 2008; this marks our third update of that statement, and we will continue to strengthen our approach as science, technology and policy develops. ...
Reducing the Impact of Global Warming on Wildlife
... effectively, we must act now to reduce the primary cause of human-induced global warming: the greenhouse gases emitted when we burn fossil fuels. However, even with immediate action, it will still be too late to prevent the extinction of some species, and others will edge closer to extinction as the ...
... effectively, we must act now to reduce the primary cause of human-induced global warming: the greenhouse gases emitted when we burn fossil fuels. However, even with immediate action, it will still be too late to prevent the extinction of some species, and others will edge closer to extinction as the ...
Climate Change in the Sydney Metropolitan Catchments
... rate of approximately 55 mm per decade. The contribution of human activities to the rainfall decline is hard to distinguish from natural variability. The future climate of the Sydney Metropolitan Catchments is likely to be warmer and drier (Figure 2). Such trends would also increase evaporation, hea ...
... rate of approximately 55 mm per decade. The contribution of human activities to the rainfall decline is hard to distinguish from natural variability. The future climate of the Sydney Metropolitan Catchments is likely to be warmer and drier (Figure 2). Such trends would also increase evaporation, hea ...
Climate change - Public Documents Profile Viewer
... and more intense and longer droughts in others. The causes of climate change are clear. Greenhouse gases trap heat from the sun that would otherwise escape Earth. The levels of greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide) are too high. Carbon dioxide is released largely from ...
... and more intense and longer droughts in others. The causes of climate change are clear. Greenhouse gases trap heat from the sun that would otherwise escape Earth. The levels of greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide) are too high. Carbon dioxide is released largely from ...
Air Pollution and Climate
... • decreased lifetime of CH4 and HFCs (via OH): radiative forcing • increase in O3: radiative forcing • increased N deposition fertilization CO2 uptake: radiative forcing Net effect not yet clear, but significant impacts on radiative forcing expected for 2100 (IPCC TAR, 2001) ...
... • decreased lifetime of CH4 and HFCs (via OH): radiative forcing • increase in O3: radiative forcing • increased N deposition fertilization CO2 uptake: radiative forcing Net effect not yet clear, but significant impacts on radiative forcing expected for 2100 (IPCC TAR, 2001) ...
Arctic greening can cause earlier seasonality of Arctic amplification
... Even though vegetation is changed all year long, its ability to change absorbed shortwave radiation is maximized in June when the incoming solar radiation reaches a maximum over the Arctic. Also, evapotranspiration is enhanced the most in the summer, which has the highest photosynthesis rate and the ...
... Even though vegetation is changed all year long, its ability to change absorbed shortwave radiation is maximized in June when the incoming solar radiation reaches a maximum over the Arctic. Also, evapotranspiration is enhanced the most in the summer, which has the highest photosynthesis rate and the ...
ab c The cold calculus of cash and carbon
... clear that global warming is “unequivocal” and that “human activities are extremely likely to be the dominant cause” (see IPCC: Science, Impact, Forecasts, 27 September 2013). The IPCC report also provided greater clarity on the available carbon budget to achieve the 2°C target. The IPCC set a one t ...
... clear that global warming is “unequivocal” and that “human activities are extremely likely to be the dominant cause” (see IPCC: Science, Impact, Forecasts, 27 September 2013). The IPCC report also provided greater clarity on the available carbon budget to achieve the 2°C target. The IPCC set a one t ...
Air Pollution and Climate
... • decreased lifetime of CH4 and HFCs (via OH): radiative forcing • increase in O3: radiative forcing • increased N deposition fertilization CO2 uptake: radiative forcing Net effect not yet clear, but significant impacts on radiative forcing expected for 2100 (IPCC TAR, 2001) ...
... • decreased lifetime of CH4 and HFCs (via OH): radiative forcing • increase in O3: radiative forcing • increased N deposition fertilization CO2 uptake: radiative forcing Net effect not yet clear, but significant impacts on radiative forcing expected for 2100 (IPCC TAR, 2001) ...
Sea Level Change - Imperial College London
... Has this happened previously? Sea level has changed naturally over glacial-interglacial cycles, mostly as a consequence of the growth and decay of large ice sheets paced by changes in incoming solar radiation as a consequence of well-understood periodic variations in the Earth’s orbit around the Sun ...
... Has this happened previously? Sea level has changed naturally over glacial-interglacial cycles, mostly as a consequence of the growth and decay of large ice sheets paced by changes in incoming solar radiation as a consequence of well-understood periodic variations in the Earth’s orbit around the Sun ...
PDF
... global emissions by the end of the century compared to 2000 emissions. Global CO2 emissions have to be reduced by 28%-35% by 2050 according to TIAM and WITCH, respectively, cuts within the range given by the IPCC (-30% to -60%). The cost, represented by the loss of surplus in TIAM and GWP losses in ...
... global emissions by the end of the century compared to 2000 emissions. Global CO2 emissions have to be reduced by 28%-35% by 2050 according to TIAM and WITCH, respectively, cuts within the range given by the IPCC (-30% to -60%). The cost, represented by the loss of surplus in TIAM and GWP losses in ...
Does climate change knowledge really matter?
... US National Academy of Sciences, shows that 97% of actively publishing climate scientists believe that anthropogenic climate change is real, and that those few who remain unconvinced are both less expert, and less active in contributing to high quality science, than the mainstream.13 In Merchants of ...
... US National Academy of Sciences, shows that 97% of actively publishing climate scientists believe that anthropogenic climate change is real, and that those few who remain unconvinced are both less expert, and less active in contributing to high quality science, than the mainstream.13 In Merchants of ...
Fuelling America`s Climatic Apocalypse
... response to climate change that included the United States. Up until 2000 there had been a steadily moving international response, beginning with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change signed in 1992 at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, followed by the December 11, 1997 signing ...
... response to climate change that included the United States. Up until 2000 there had been a steadily moving international response, beginning with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change signed in 1992 at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, followed by the December 11, 1997 signing ...
Have the Tropical Pacific Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions
... a strong influence on global climate changes on millennial and orbital time scales (Cane, 1998; Clement et al., 1999). This hypothesis needs to be tested by understanding whether the tropical interactions are a driver or a passive player in global climate changes. Here we review recent paleoceanogra ...
... a strong influence on global climate changes on millennial and orbital time scales (Cane, 1998; Clement et al., 1999). This hypothesis needs to be tested by understanding whether the tropical interactions are a driver or a passive player in global climate changes. Here we review recent paleoceanogra ...
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... Am. Elec. Power Co., at 341-42 (discussing reduced size of California snowpack due to global warming). EPA warns against “[e]xpected climate change impacts” in Illinois and other Midwestern states that include: (1) more extreme heat, with resulting increases in heat-related illness and death, especi ...
... Am. Elec. Power Co., at 341-42 (discussing reduced size of California snowpack due to global warming). EPA warns against “[e]xpected climate change impacts” in Illinois and other Midwestern states that include: (1) more extreme heat, with resulting increases in heat-related illness and death, especi ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.