A modified impulse-response representation of the global response
... 5, convert to a α using equation 4 and apply to the carbon-cycle equations (equation 1). This means the iIRF100 is only exactly reproduced under constant background conditions with infinitesimal perturbations. Values of iIRF100 larger than 100 years correspond to a net carbon source in response to a ...
... 5, convert to a α using equation 4 and apply to the carbon-cycle equations (equation 1). This means the iIRF100 is only exactly reproduced under constant background conditions with infinitesimal perturbations. Values of iIRF100 larger than 100 years correspond to a net carbon source in response to a ...
Projections of Future Climate Change in the 21st Century
... In all previous studies, the concentrations of greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosols are increased according to the IS92a scenario (IPCC, 1992). However, the IS92a scenario is somewhat unrealistic at present; it was made on the basis of 1985 datasets and included neither the restructuring in Eastern ...
... In all previous studies, the concentrations of greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosols are increased according to the IS92a scenario (IPCC, 1992). However, the IS92a scenario is somewhat unrealistic at present; it was made on the basis of 1985 datasets and included neither the restructuring in Eastern ...
Climate change: a framework for a global agreement in 2015
... ago, we were struck by the extent and speed of the changes occurring on our planet.6 It has since become increasingly clear that our natural world is no longer able to provide enough resources and CO2 absorption capacity to sustain the prevalent economic model, much less so to allow it to continue g ...
... ago, we were struck by the extent and speed of the changes occurring on our planet.6 It has since become increasingly clear that our natural world is no longer able to provide enough resources and CO2 absorption capacity to sustain the prevalent economic model, much less so to allow it to continue g ...
Learning Objectives - McGraw Hill Higher Education
... concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased by 35% in the past 250 years (by far exceeding such variations over preceding 10 million years). • 1995-2006: rank among warmest years for global surface temperature. • 2007 Stern Report in the United Kingdom on the Economics of Climate ...
... concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased by 35% in the past 250 years (by far exceeding such variations over preceding 10 million years). • 1995-2006: rank among warmest years for global surface temperature. • 2007 Stern Report in the United Kingdom on the Economics of Climate ...
Internally and Externally Caused Climate Change
... compiled for large portions of the globe for about the past 100 years (Mitchell, 1961; Budyko, 1969). They show that the Northern Hemisphere annual mean temperature has risen about 1°C from 1880 to about 1940 and has fallen about O.soC since then (Figs. 1-3). Various attempts to simulate this temper ...
... compiled for large portions of the globe for about the past 100 years (Mitchell, 1961; Budyko, 1969). They show that the Northern Hemisphere annual mean temperature has risen about 1°C from 1880 to about 1940 and has fallen about O.soC since then (Figs. 1-3). Various attempts to simulate this temper ...
High impact, low probability? An empirical analysis of risk in the economics of climate change: Working Paper 9 (505 kB) (opens in new window)
... frequency distributions in box 10.2 (Meehl, Stocker et al. 2007, p798) reveals that, in most if not indeed all cases, they have a positive skew, with a long tail of high estimates. These tails can be attributed to uncertainty about feedbacks, related for example to clouds and water vapour, and about ...
... frequency distributions in box 10.2 (Meehl, Stocker et al. 2007, p798) reveals that, in most if not indeed all cases, they have a positive skew, with a long tail of high estimates. These tails can be attributed to uncertainty about feedbacks, related for example to clouds and water vapour, and about ...
Atmospheric Research - Global Change System for Analysis
... Singular or unique event An event likely to occur once only. Probability refers to the chance of an event occurring, or to a particular state of that event when it occurs. Eg. Climate change, collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, hell freezing over ...
... Singular or unique event An event likely to occur once only. Probability refers to the chance of an event occurring, or to a particular state of that event when it occurs. Eg. Climate change, collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, hell freezing over ...
The Carbon Footprint of an Injection Molding Machine
... inputs and outputs are included in the accounting and which of them can be disregarded. Input and output parameters can be weights, volumes, and energies [4]. In order to determine the CO₂ footprint, it is important to define the system boundaries for accounting in advance, since they strongly influ ...
... inputs and outputs are included in the accounting and which of them can be disregarded. Input and output parameters can be weights, volumes, and energies [4]. In order to determine the CO₂ footprint, it is important to define the system boundaries for accounting in advance, since they strongly influ ...
things to know about climate finance in 2016
... Key actors in global financial markets are paying more attention to climate change and its implications for mainstream finance and investment practices. Highlighting the systemic risks that climate change poses, the Financial Stability Board pushes forward with its enquiry into Climate Change disclo ...
... Key actors in global financial markets are paying more attention to climate change and its implications for mainstream finance and investment practices. Highlighting the systemic risks that climate change poses, the Financial Stability Board pushes forward with its enquiry into Climate Change disclo ...
Annex 5: Changes to the Atlantic Ocean circulation (Gulf Stream)
... conclusion of Bryden et al. (2005), citing the recent warming seen in the North Atlantic as indication of a stronger MOC during the 1990s (e.g. Latif et al. 2006; Knight et al. 2005), although this indirect observational method is based on links identified in climate models rather than directly from ...
... conclusion of Bryden et al. (2005), citing the recent warming seen in the North Atlantic as indication of a stronger MOC during the 1990s (e.g. Latif et al. 2006; Knight et al. 2005), although this indirect observational method is based on links identified in climate models rather than directly from ...
Regional climate change projections for Chicago and the US Great
... Toronto during hot summer months, as well as the record snowfalls experienced by Buffalo and its surrounding area during the winter. In the past, most climate variations in the Great Lakes region and around the world have been driven by natural factors such as changes in solar radiation, dust from v ...
... Toronto during hot summer months, as well as the record snowfalls experienced by Buffalo and its surrounding area during the winter. In the past, most climate variations in the Great Lakes region and around the world have been driven by natural factors such as changes in solar radiation, dust from v ...
Over-leased: How Production Horizons of Already Leased Federal
... suggest, federal fossil fuel leasing policy should be aligned with U.S. climate policy goals. The analysis strongly suggests that staying within the global carbon budgets will likely require not only ending new federal leases, but also keeping significant amounts of already leased federal fossil fue ...
... suggest, federal fossil fuel leasing policy should be aligned with U.S. climate policy goals. The analysis strongly suggests that staying within the global carbon budgets will likely require not only ending new federal leases, but also keeping significant amounts of already leased federal fossil fue ...
The Real Truth about Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change:
... years ago, that is widely agreed (although timing and values are still quite uncertain), but he neglects to add that the global climate then was very different, being warm enough for what is now tropical vegetation in polar latitudes. In addition, all indications are that those very high concentrati ...
... years ago, that is widely agreed (although timing and values are still quite uncertain), but he neglects to add that the global climate then was very different, being warm enough for what is now tropical vegetation in polar latitudes. In addition, all indications are that those very high concentrati ...
Climate Projections and Impacts on Soybean Production Jerry L
... projection for a shift in the seasonality of precipitation with greater precipitation in the spring and reduced amounts in the summer and coupled with more intense and less frequent rain events. The increase in temperature will create an environment in which the soybean plant is exposed to temperatu ...
... projection for a shift in the seasonality of precipitation with greater precipitation in the spring and reduced amounts in the summer and coupled with more intense and less frequent rain events. The increase in temperature will create an environment in which the soybean plant is exposed to temperatu ...
Chapter 6
... ocean currents, and storms. Therefore, the position of the continents as well as air and ocean currents affect climate and can change over time. The components in our atmosphere are also important, including water vapor and aerosols (dust). Water vapor in the atmosphere is a greenhouse gas, can refl ...
... ocean currents, and storms. Therefore, the position of the continents as well as air and ocean currents affect climate and can change over time. The components in our atmosphere are also important, including water vapor and aerosols (dust). Water vapor in the atmosphere is a greenhouse gas, can refl ...
Negative greenhouse gas emissions
... In reality, there are social, economic and political factors that hold back the speed of decarbonisation. These comprise finance, information and skills, raw materials, timeconsuming planning processes, inertia, concerns about competitiveness, population growth and rising living standards. Paradoxic ...
... In reality, there are social, economic and political factors that hold back the speed of decarbonisation. These comprise finance, information and skills, raw materials, timeconsuming planning processes, inertia, concerns about competitiveness, population growth and rising living standards. Paradoxic ...
Extended Abstract
... the 95% significance level, while the observed do not even exceed the 90% significance level. The two members that do exceed the 95% threshold both have negative trends in soil moisture. However, the larger in magnitude the model ensemble is with increase trends in temperature steps, the more likely ...
... the 95% significance level, while the observed do not even exceed the 90% significance level. The two members that do exceed the 95% threshold both have negative trends in soil moisture. However, the larger in magnitude the model ensemble is with increase trends in temperature steps, the more likely ...
Where to Plant trees - Global Save Nature Foundation
... Effects the Social systems: (Heavy floods) The Climate change is expected to particularly affect some sectors and systems related to human activities. Low-lying coastal systems are vulnerable to sea level rise and storm surge. ...
... Effects the Social systems: (Heavy floods) The Climate change is expected to particularly affect some sectors and systems related to human activities. Low-lying coastal systems are vulnerable to sea level rise and storm surge. ...
AGENDA
... ocean, biosphere, and chemosphere. Of special interest is the evolution of rates of changes. ...
... ocean, biosphere, and chemosphere. Of special interest is the evolution of rates of changes. ...
Dynamic Earth - The State Museum of Pennsylvania
... Elemental carbon exists on Earth in a variety of molecular forms. The carbon cycle describes the chemical reactions that propel carbon-containing molecules through the different parts of the Earth system-air, water, land and life. From a climate perspective, the carbon cycle is critical, because it ...
... Elemental carbon exists on Earth in a variety of molecular forms. The carbon cycle describes the chemical reactions that propel carbon-containing molecules through the different parts of the Earth system-air, water, land and life. From a climate perspective, the carbon cycle is critical, because it ...
1. Introduction
... Climate Protection discussions, having the primary intent to reduce greenhouse gases” (City of Fort Collins 2000, p. 41). These new measures include replacing traffic signals with LEDs, increasing renewable energy sources for electricity, and enhancing energy efficiency in government buildings. When ...
... Climate Protection discussions, having the primary intent to reduce greenhouse gases” (City of Fort Collins 2000, p. 41). These new measures include replacing traffic signals with LEDs, increasing renewable energy sources for electricity, and enhancing energy efficiency in government buildings. When ...
CT5 - CarboOcean
... To determine the kinetics and phase-transfer reactions between liquid CO2, hydrate, and seawater from laboratory experiments under high pressures. To simulate the near-range dispersion of injected CO2 using these new kinetic constraints and improved meso-scale models for CO2 injection in the deep oc ...
... To determine the kinetics and phase-transfer reactions between liquid CO2, hydrate, and seawater from laboratory experiments under high pressures. To simulate the near-range dispersion of injected CO2 using these new kinetic constraints and improved meso-scale models for CO2 injection in the deep oc ...
Frequently Asked Questions - Divest
... with the “carbon bubble,” initially developed the list of 200 targeted companies. In a 2012 report, “Unburnable Carbon,” Carbon Tracker’s team noted that more than two-thirds of current proven carbon reserves held by oil, gas, and coal companies and oil states must ultimately remain in the ground in ...
... with the “carbon bubble,” initially developed the list of 200 targeted companies. In a 2012 report, “Unburnable Carbon,” Carbon Tracker’s team noted that more than two-thirds of current proven carbon reserves held by oil, gas, and coal companies and oil states must ultimately remain in the ground in ...
Climate Change
... Carbon dioxide is not the only greenhouse gas, but it is the main contributor to warming. Other important greenhouse gases include nitrous oxide and methane, both of which have increased in the last century. • The concentration of carbon dioxide has increased primarily due to burning of fossil fuels ...
... Carbon dioxide is not the only greenhouse gas, but it is the main contributor to warming. Other important greenhouse gases include nitrous oxide and methane, both of which have increased in the last century. • The concentration of carbon dioxide has increased primarily due to burning of fossil fuels ...
Climate Change: Portfolio Analysis
... This document contains forward-looking statements, including statements regarding demand for commodities, carbon pricing and EBITDA in assumed long-term scenarios, global responses to climate change, the potential effect of possible future events on the value of the BHP Billiton portfolio, and the p ...
... This document contains forward-looking statements, including statements regarding demand for commodities, carbon pricing and EBITDA in assumed long-term scenarios, global responses to climate change, the potential effect of possible future events on the value of the BHP Billiton portfolio, and the p ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.