Influence of future anthropogenic emissions on climate, natural
... [Ketefian and Jacobson, 2009]. Nine layers existed below each ocean mixed-layer grid cell in which energy and chemical diffusion from the mixed layer to the deep ocean and ocean chemistry were solved [Jacobson, 2005c]. As such, climate responses accounted for ocean feedbacks. ...
... [Ketefian and Jacobson, 2009]. Nine layers existed below each ocean mixed-layer grid cell in which energy and chemical diffusion from the mixed layer to the deep ocean and ocean chemistry were solved [Jacobson, 2005c]. As such, climate responses accounted for ocean feedbacks. ...
Mainstreaming Climate Change into National Urban Policies Background Paper
... transformation in human history. Between 1980 and 2010 Asian cities grew by around one billion people and according to projections will grow by another billion by 2040. By 2050, nearly two out of three people in the Asia-Pacific region will live in urban areas. This population growth has gone hand i ...
... transformation in human history. Between 1980 and 2010 Asian cities grew by around one billion people and according to projections will grow by another billion by 2040. By 2050, nearly two out of three people in the Asia-Pacific region will live in urban areas. This population growth has gone hand i ...
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... These papers also rely on stark linearity assumptions. While this provides considerable simplification to the analyses, they connote important departures from reality. Dutta and Radner (2004, 2005, 2006, 2009) assume linear damages; a number of researchers have argued that the impacts of climate cha ...
... These papers also rely on stark linearity assumptions. While this provides considerable simplification to the analyses, they connote important departures from reality. Dutta and Radner (2004, 2005, 2006, 2009) assume linear damages; a number of researchers have argued that the impacts of climate cha ...
How Does Climate Change Affect Agricultural Stability in Southeast
... reduced agricultural production and also led to widespread malnutrition the following season. This report and others state that greater unreliability of the rains is affecting farmers. The current production risks in agriculture could be exacerbated from changes in temperature, rainfall trends or fr ...
... reduced agricultural production and also led to widespread malnutrition the following season. This report and others state that greater unreliability of the rains is affecting farmers. The current production risks in agriculture could be exacerbated from changes in temperature, rainfall trends or fr ...
Climate Change and Children in the Brazilian Amazon Region
... Amazon, two major crops have been responsible for significant losses of primary forest: grass for cattle and soybeans. Increasing the temperature of the planet associated with the reduction of water availability could turn the Amazon region into a savanna until half of the century. This is what is e ...
... Amazon, two major crops have been responsible for significant losses of primary forest: grass for cattle and soybeans. Increasing the temperature of the planet associated with the reduction of water availability could turn the Amazon region into a savanna until half of the century. This is what is e ...
High Resolution - Responses to Climate Change
... generally characterize current, or past, climate in the study region. While the primary cause for global warming is attributed by the scientific community to human-induced increases in atmosphere levels of heat-trapping gases (Walsh et al., 2014) this section is not focused on attribution or cause ( ...
... generally characterize current, or past, climate in the study region. While the primary cause for global warming is attributed by the scientific community to human-induced increases in atmosphere levels of heat-trapping gases (Walsh et al., 2014) this section is not focused on attribution or cause ( ...
Climate change and its impacts on river discharge in two climate
... The hydrological model used in this study was the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model developed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The model has been developed with the continuation of USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) modeling experiences for a period of over 30 years ...
... The hydrological model used in this study was the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model developed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The model has been developed with the continuation of USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) modeling experiences for a period of over 30 years ...
Land Use Change Impacts on Air Quality and Climate
... vegetation is an important sink for trace gases and particles, particularly for ozone.13 Indirect climate forcing from pollution aerosol interactions with clouds is particularly sensitive to the natural aerosol background.14, 15 In turn, recent work has emphasized the critical role that climate pla ...
... vegetation is an important sink for trace gases and particles, particularly for ozone.13 Indirect climate forcing from pollution aerosol interactions with clouds is particularly sensitive to the natural aerosol background.14, 15 In turn, recent work has emphasized the critical role that climate pla ...
Stepping Stone or Stumbling Block
... The consensus answer is that, ultimately, the only effective solution to the problem of climate change will be a multilateral agreement. The alternative-a series of uncoordinated national-level measures-is not an effective means of limiting greenhouse gases to sustainable levels because of internati ...
... The consensus answer is that, ultimately, the only effective solution to the problem of climate change will be a multilateral agreement. The alternative-a series of uncoordinated national-level measures-is not an effective means of limiting greenhouse gases to sustainable levels because of internati ...
Climate System Observations and Prediction Experiment (COPE)
... The Climate of the Twentieth Century Project (C20C; J. Kinter) Discussion on Seasonal Prediction in a Changing Climate (Plenary Discussion) Developing a Coordinated Plan for Pan-WCRP Seasonal Prediction ...
... The Climate of the Twentieth Century Project (C20C; J. Kinter) Discussion on Seasonal Prediction in a Changing Climate (Plenary Discussion) Developing a Coordinated Plan for Pan-WCRP Seasonal Prediction ...
The runaway greenhouse: implications for future climate change
... We live in a time of rapid climate change. The warming that the Earth is experiencing now as a result of emissions of greenhouse gases from fossil fuel burning is unprecedented in human history, and the pace of the change is very rapid compared with most past climate change as deduced from palaeocli ...
... We live in a time of rapid climate change. The warming that the Earth is experiencing now as a result of emissions of greenhouse gases from fossil fuel burning is unprecedented in human history, and the pace of the change is very rapid compared with most past climate change as deduced from palaeocli ...
Effectively addressing climate risk through adaptation for
... 1 Estimates for subsidence vary significantly along the coastline; e.g., 8-31 inches per century 2 Based on Vermeer and Rahmstorf. “Global sea level linked to global temperature.” 2009. Source: National Hurricane Center, NOAA, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS); IP ...
... 1 Estimates for subsidence vary significantly along the coastline; e.g., 8-31 inches per century 2 Based on Vermeer and Rahmstorf. “Global sea level linked to global temperature.” 2009. Source: National Hurricane Center, NOAA, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS); IP ...
Climate Change Impacts in Hawai`i - Hawaii Sea Grant
... The temperature of our atmosphere is largely regulated by greenhouse gases, which absorb heat, or infrared radiation, emitted from Earth’s surface. This process effectively traps heat in the atmosphere that would otherwise escape into space (Figure 1). These gases occur naturally in Earth’s atmosphe ...
... The temperature of our atmosphere is largely regulated by greenhouse gases, which absorb heat, or infrared radiation, emitted from Earth’s surface. This process effectively traps heat in the atmosphere that would otherwise escape into space (Figure 1). These gases occur naturally in Earth’s atmosphe ...
THAILAND`S NEWSPAPERS COVERAGE OF CLIMATE CHANGE
... serious problems for all walks of life especially people from developing countries, including Thailand, which forms the basis of the author’s present case study. In the UNESCO working paper, the importance of the role of the media in promoting ESD was also cited. The working paper identified the me ...
... serious problems for all walks of life especially people from developing countries, including Thailand, which forms the basis of the author’s present case study. In the UNESCO working paper, the importance of the role of the media in promoting ESD was also cited. The working paper identified the me ...
Saturation of the terrestrial carbon sink
... to ambient levels (Jasoni et al. 2005). These examples illustrate that a variety of responses of NEP to CO2 can occur in different ecosystems. In summary, ecosystem responses to large step increases of CO2 concentration can show a strong saturation behavior driven by resource limitation. Plant growt ...
... to ambient levels (Jasoni et al. 2005). These examples illustrate that a variety of responses of NEP to CO2 can occur in different ecosystems. In summary, ecosystem responses to large step increases of CO2 concentration can show a strong saturation behavior driven by resource limitation. Plant growt ...
Vulnerability to climate change and sea
... There is an urgent need to understand how climate change, including sea-level rise, is likely to threaten biodiversity and cause secondary effects, such as agroecosystem alteration and human displacement. The consequences of climate change, and the resulting sea-level rise within the Forests of East ...
... There is an urgent need to understand how climate change, including sea-level rise, is likely to threaten biodiversity and cause secondary effects, such as agroecosystem alteration and human displacement. The consequences of climate change, and the resulting sea-level rise within the Forests of East ...
The Community Climate System Model
... The Community Climate System Model (CCSM) has been created to represent the principal components of the climate system and their interactions. Development and applications of the model are carried out by the U.S. climate research community, thus taking advantage of both wide intellectual participati ...
... The Community Climate System Model (CCSM) has been created to represent the principal components of the climate system and their interactions. Development and applications of the model are carried out by the U.S. climate research community, thus taking advantage of both wide intellectual participati ...
Changes in temperature and precipitation extremes in the CMIP5
... and climate extremes observed in the late 20th century are projected to continue into the future. A subsequent assessment by the IPCC in its special report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX) confirms these assessments (Seneviratne et al. 2012). The li ...
... and climate extremes observed in the late 20th century are projected to continue into the future. A subsequent assessment by the IPCC in its special report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX) confirms these assessments (Seneviratne et al. 2012). The li ...
FRAMES IN REPORTS AND IN REPORTING: HOW FRAMING
... Instead of using words like famine or starvation, the report describes “access to food” being “compromised” and “food security” being “adversely affected.” These terms make crop failure and drought sound more like an inconvenience than a disaster. “Malnutrition”—itself a clinical term—is the only wo ...
... Instead of using words like famine or starvation, the report describes “access to food” being “compromised” and “food security” being “adversely affected.” These terms make crop failure and drought sound more like an inconvenience than a disaster. “Malnutrition”—itself a clinical term—is the only wo ...
Impact of Climate Change on Indian Agriculture: A Review
... 1991; Pant and Rupakumar, 1997; Pant et al., 1999; Stephenson et al., 2001), and decreasing/increasing trends in rainfall in regional basis (Chowdhury and Abhyankar, 1979; Rupa Kumar et al., 1992; Kripalani et al., 1996, 2003; Singh and Sontakke, 2002). Table I shows the silent features of the selec ...
... 1991; Pant and Rupakumar, 1997; Pant et al., 1999; Stephenson et al., 2001), and decreasing/increasing trends in rainfall in regional basis (Chowdhury and Abhyankar, 1979; Rupa Kumar et al., 1992; Kripalani et al., 1996, 2003; Singh and Sontakke, 2002). Table I shows the silent features of the selec ...
Apocalypse Nicked! - Geoengineering Governance Research
... example, the claim that “Human societies must now change course and steer away from critical tipping points in the Earth system that might lead to rapid and irreversible change” (Biermann et al. 2012) is a contestable political claim about the appropriate response to climate change. Even granting th ...
... example, the claim that “Human societies must now change course and steer away from critical tipping points in the Earth system that might lead to rapid and irreversible change” (Biermann et al. 2012) is a contestable political claim about the appropriate response to climate change. Even granting th ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.