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... number of counties in specific states; u denotes the number of years for which a certain climate scenario generates lower crop yields as compared with the historical average; and A denotes the county-level harvested acreage. A county with higher harvested acreage is given more weight. A CCII higher ...
... number of counties in specific states; u denotes the number of years for which a certain climate scenario generates lower crop yields as compared with the historical average; and A denotes the county-level harvested acreage. A county with higher harvested acreage is given more weight. A CCII higher ...
North American megadroughts in the Common Era
... interpreting and analyzing the climate dynamics associated with drought events. Finally, tree growth is highly sensitive to moisture availability over much of North America, ensuring high quality and well validated reconstructions. One of the most comprehensive reconstructions of North American hydr ...
... interpreting and analyzing the climate dynamics associated with drought events. Finally, tree growth is highly sensitive to moisture availability over much of North America, ensuring high quality and well validated reconstructions. One of the most comprehensive reconstructions of North American hydr ...
Climate vulnerability of socio-economic systems
... associated with floods were deaths and injuries from drowning, infectious diseases, exposure to toxic substances, infrastructure damage, crops and livestock damage, community breakdowns, increased psychological stress, and increased demands on health systems and social security. Future projections s ...
... associated with floods were deaths and injuries from drowning, infectious diseases, exposure to toxic substances, infrastructure damage, crops and livestock damage, community breakdowns, increased psychological stress, and increased demands on health systems and social security. Future projections s ...
Evidence and Implications of Dangerous Climate Change in the Arctic
... As noted above, GCMs used to simulate the effect of GHGs on climate through the 20th and 21st centuries show a marked amplification of temperature changes at high northern latitudes. Simulated temperature increases at southern high latitudes are on average less than half those at corresponding north ...
... As noted above, GCMs used to simulate the effect of GHGs on climate through the 20th and 21st centuries show a marked amplification of temperature changes at high northern latitudes. Simulated temperature increases at southern high latitudes are on average less than half those at corresponding north ...
Integrating biophysical models and evolutionary theory to
... number of potential life-cycle completions for each habitable region for that year. Aedes aegypti is relatively sedentary (Muir & Kay 1998; Russell et al. 2005) but dispersing individuals can move up to 800 m (Honório et al. 2003). As an upper bound to dispersal rate, we buffered 1 km per generation ...
... number of potential life-cycle completions for each habitable region for that year. Aedes aegypti is relatively sedentary (Muir & Kay 1998; Russell et al. 2005) but dispersing individuals can move up to 800 m (Honório et al. 2003). As an upper bound to dispersal rate, we buffered 1 km per generation ...
Integrating biophysical models and evolutionary theory
... number of potential life-cycle completions for each habitable region for that year. Aedes aegypti is relatively sedentary (Muir & Kay 1998; Russell et al. 2005) but dispersing individuals can move up to 800 m (Honório et al. 2003). As an upper bound to dispersal rate, we buffered 1 km per generation ...
... number of potential life-cycle completions for each habitable region for that year. Aedes aegypti is relatively sedentary (Muir & Kay 1998; Russell et al. 2005) but dispersing individuals can move up to 800 m (Honório et al. 2003). As an upper bound to dispersal rate, we buffered 1 km per generation ...
The Rules of the Game
... These reports have already drawn together the majority of the evidence base on behaviour change and the communication of sustainable development issues. Rather than duplicate the effort and insight of these experts, we have stood upon their shoulders to create this applicable set of principles for ...
... These reports have already drawn together the majority of the evidence base on behaviour change and the communication of sustainable development issues. Rather than duplicate the effort and insight of these experts, we have stood upon their shoulders to create this applicable set of principles for ...
Evidence and Implications of Dangerous Climate Change in the Arctic
... As noted above, GCMs used to simulate the effect of GHGs on climate through the 20th and 21st centuries show a marked amplification of temperature changes at high northern latitudes. Simulated temperature increases at southern high latitudes are on average less than half those at corresponding north ...
... As noted above, GCMs used to simulate the effect of GHGs on climate through the 20th and 21st centuries show a marked amplification of temperature changes at high northern latitudes. Simulated temperature increases at southern high latitudes are on average less than half those at corresponding north ...
INFORMATION DOCUMENT
... regional climate change models. Workshop participants developed a risk management framework to better link science questions with societal concerns in various regions and various sectors. New climate change scenarios and main AR5 outputs: During its 25th session (Mauritius, 26–28 April 2006), the IP ...
... regional climate change models. Workshop participants developed a risk management framework to better link science questions with societal concerns in various regions and various sectors. New climate change scenarios and main AR5 outputs: During its 25th session (Mauritius, 26–28 April 2006), the IP ...
Impact of anthropogenic absorbing aerosols on clouds and
... a significant heating to the atmosphere and a cooling in a close but smaller magnitude at the Earth's surface, leading to a positive net forcing to the Earth-atmosphere system, i.e., the forcing at the top of the atmosphere, which brings a warming tendency to the climate system. On the other hand, t ...
... a significant heating to the atmosphere and a cooling in a close but smaller magnitude at the Earth's surface, leading to a positive net forcing to the Earth-atmosphere system, i.e., the forcing at the top of the atmosphere, which brings a warming tendency to the climate system. On the other hand, t ...
corporate conquistadors - Corporate Europe Observatory
... to extract it). Natural gas is often touted as an ideal transition energy source (or “bridge fuel”) in the move towards renewable energy because it releases less carbon dioxide than coal and oil. However, the fracking extraction technique leaks methane – a greenhouse gas that, in the short term, is ...
... to extract it). Natural gas is often touted as an ideal transition energy source (or “bridge fuel”) in the move towards renewable energy because it releases less carbon dioxide than coal and oil. However, the fracking extraction technique leaks methane – a greenhouse gas that, in the short term, is ...
Feeding nine billion in a low emissions economy: Challenging, but
... when land conversion to farming is included. The share of emissions rises still further if those from the rest of the food system are included. 2. Developing countries are responsible for three‐quarters of global agricultural emissions — with land use change included — and have the most rapid ra ...
... when land conversion to farming is included. The share of emissions rises still further if those from the rest of the food system are included. 2. Developing countries are responsible for three‐quarters of global agricultural emissions — with land use change included — and have the most rapid ra ...
View/Open - Dora.dmu.ac.uk
... change coverage increased in all countries between 1996 and 2010, although there were significant differences between countries in the extent of growth and media attention 23. However, since this period there have been signs of reversal in these trends, as late 2009 marked a peak in print media cove ...
... change coverage increased in all countries between 1996 and 2010, although there were significant differences between countries in the extent of growth and media attention 23. However, since this period there have been signs of reversal in these trends, as late 2009 marked a peak in print media cove ...
Williamson, Craig E., Jennifer A. Brentrup, Jing Zhang, William H
... on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are thus essential. One of the most promising approaches to deciphering the ecological effects of climate change involves the use of the sentinel responses of ecosystems themselves, as these may provide the most sensitive indicators of both drivers and responses ...
... on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are thus essential. One of the most promising approaches to deciphering the ecological effects of climate change involves the use of the sentinel responses of ecosystems themselves, as these may provide the most sensitive indicators of both drivers and responses ...
Communicating the Impacts of Potential Future Climate Change on
... Understanding the interaction of the climate with the built environment is paramount to ensuring resilient communities and mitigating exposure to risk. In their Fourth Assessment Report, the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) discussed the science behind the warming of the clima ...
... Understanding the interaction of the climate with the built environment is paramount to ensuring resilient communities and mitigating exposure to risk. In their Fourth Assessment Report, the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) discussed the science behind the warming of the clima ...
Trophic amplification of climate warming
... Ecosystems can alternate suddenly between contrasting persistent states due to internal processes or external drivers. It is important to understand the mechanisms by which these shifts occur, especially in exploited ecosystems. There have been several abrupt marine ecosystem shifts attributed eithe ...
... Ecosystems can alternate suddenly between contrasting persistent states due to internal processes or external drivers. It is important to understand the mechanisms by which these shifts occur, especially in exploited ecosystems. There have been several abrupt marine ecosystem shifts attributed eithe ...
Climate Change and Food In/Security: A Critical Nexus
... in the mean and/or variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period of time, typically decades or longer. It refers to any change in climate over time, whether due to variability or as a result of human activity.”—[2] Climate change has not only resulted in increasing global-a ...
... in the mean and/or variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period of time, typically decades or longer. It refers to any change in climate over time, whether due to variability or as a result of human activity.”—[2] Climate change has not only resulted in increasing global-a ...
PREDICTING ECOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE FLORIDA
... meeting and featured presentations by several key representatives from water management, University of Florida (UF), Florida State University (FSU) and the USGS. A second webinar in December 2012 was used to discuss model outputs with paper presentations. The most recent meeting, in February 2013, w ...
... meeting and featured presentations by several key representatives from water management, University of Florida (UF), Florida State University (FSU) and the USGS. A second webinar in December 2012 was used to discuss model outputs with paper presentations. The most recent meeting, in February 2013, w ...
Nature Communications Review Integrating Pliocene Geological
... With respect to the pre-industrial era, Pliocene surface temperatures over land and oceans were elevated (Dowsett et al., 2012; Salzmann et al., 2013), and climate model estimates indicate that the global annual mean surface temperature was 2.70 to 4.05°C higher (Haywood et al., 2013a). The hydrolog ...
... With respect to the pre-industrial era, Pliocene surface temperatures over land and oceans were elevated (Dowsett et al., 2012; Salzmann et al., 2013), and climate model estimates indicate that the global annual mean surface temperature was 2.70 to 4.05°C higher (Haywood et al., 2013a). The hydrolog ...
Climate Change in Afghanistan Deduced from Reanalysis and
... Experiment (CORDEX)-South Asia simulations for low and high emission scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 8.5). In the past, the climatic changes were mainly characterized by a mean temperature increase above global level of 1.8 ◦ C from 1950 to 2010; uncertainty with regard to r ...
... Experiment (CORDEX)-South Asia simulations for low and high emission scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 8.5). In the past, the climatic changes were mainly characterized by a mean temperature increase above global level of 1.8 ◦ C from 1950 to 2010; uncertainty with regard to r ...
3.6 Greenhouse Gas Emissions
... toxic air contaminants, which are pollutants of regional and local concern. Whereas pollutants with localized air quality effects have relatively short atmospheric lifetimes (about one day), GHGs have long atmospheric lifetimes (one year to several thousand years). GHGs persist in the atmosphere for ...
... toxic air contaminants, which are pollutants of regional and local concern. Whereas pollutants with localized air quality effects have relatively short atmospheric lifetimes (about one day), GHGs have long atmospheric lifetimes (one year to several thousand years). GHGs persist in the atmosphere for ...
Deliverable 2F3 Full Costs of Climate Change WP 2F
... provisioning and recreative values. A first attempt to assess the total value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital was performed by (1997). Based on more than 100 previous studies on single ecosystems or services, they estimated a minimum value of renewable ecosystem services for gl ...
... provisioning and recreative values. A first attempt to assess the total value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital was performed by (1997). Based on more than 100 previous studies on single ecosystems or services, they estimated a minimum value of renewable ecosystem services for gl ...
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... the China's National Climate Change Program to address climate change with specific objectives, principles, policies and measures. China's government has recognized that during the past 100 years, and especially the last 50 years, annual average air temperatures have increased, precipitation variati ...
... the China's National Climate Change Program to address climate change with specific objectives, principles, policies and measures. China's government has recognized that during the past 100 years, and especially the last 50 years, annual average air temperatures have increased, precipitation variati ...
the state of climate change adaptation in Canada`s protected areas
... now, 60% of the agencies ranked climate change as an issue of greater importance than currently perceived. Climate change ranked as the second most important management issue to protected areas agencies 25 years from now, ranking only behind external threats, and associated human land-use patterns. ...
... now, 60% of the agencies ranked climate change as an issue of greater importance than currently perceived. Climate change ranked as the second most important management issue to protected areas agencies 25 years from now, ranking only behind external threats, and associated human land-use patterns. ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.