climate, water, and political-economic crises
... Networks, April 28-May 2, 2004, Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico. Evolution toward greater complexity in the ancient world was rarely characterized by a linear trend. Ancient societies would become more centralized and complex but only to a point before fragmenting into local systems. Years ...
... Networks, April 28-May 2, 2004, Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico. Evolution toward greater complexity in the ancient world was rarely characterized by a linear trend. Ancient societies would become more centralized and complex but only to a point before fragmenting into local systems. Years ...
Link-Securitization - Open Evidence Archive
... This K can very easily be read as a PIC out of the AFFs representations if you’d like to go that route, as it doesn’t deny the truth value of climate change/environmental problems, just criticizes the way such problems are represented. The “Alt is a Pre-Req” block is pretty important because it is t ...
... This K can very easily be read as a PIC out of the AFFs representations if you’d like to go that route, as it doesn’t deny the truth value of climate change/environmental problems, just criticizes the way such problems are represented. The “Alt is a Pre-Req” block is pretty important because it is t ...
... 1997, Gustavson 1996, Swinehart et al. 1985). In making the isostatic correction, McMillan et al. (2002) used remnants of Ogallala or older formations on the edges of basins to define the amounts of material removed. These estimates are lower bounds on the material removed, and the corresponding iso ...
Climate extremes indices in the CMIP5 multimodel ensemble: Part 2
... [5] Beside the different emission scenarios and models, differences in the index calculations themselves can also lead to inconsistencies in the analysis and comparison of changes in extremes simulated in the CMIP3 and CMIP5 ensembles. For instance, Tebaldi et al. [2006] used indices that were provi ...
... [5] Beside the different emission scenarios and models, differences in the index calculations themselves can also lead to inconsistencies in the analysis and comparison of changes in extremes simulated in the CMIP3 and CMIP5 ensembles. For instance, Tebaldi et al. [2006] used indices that were provi ...
Is co-producing science for adaptation decision
... We concentrate on the efforts of scientists at the Met Office Hadley Centre to produce the UK's land climate change projections for two reasons. First, the Met Office enjoys a close working relationship with Government based on a single, large, research contract known as the Climate Prediction Progr ...
... We concentrate on the efforts of scientists at the Met Office Hadley Centre to produce the UK's land climate change projections for two reasons. First, the Met Office enjoys a close working relationship with Government based on a single, large, research contract known as the Climate Prediction Progr ...
Dynamics of the coupled human-climate system resulting from
... and is referred to as the transfer function between them (e.g. Åström and Murray, 2008; Li and Jarvis, 2009; MacMynowski and Tziperman, 2010). Note that G(s) is simply a complex number for any ω, with G(0) describing the steady state temperature response to a step change in radiative forcing, in t ...
... and is referred to as the transfer function between them (e.g. Åström and Murray, 2008; Li and Jarvis, 2009; MacMynowski and Tziperman, 2010). Note that G(s) is simply a complex number for any ω, with G(0) describing the steady state temperature response to a step change in radiative forcing, in t ...
Inequality, communication and the avoidance of disastrous climate change: Working Paper 34 (1 MB) (opens in new window)
... in contrast may lead to early political lock-ins and disastrous consequences. Future research is needed to bring more realism and complexity in the collective-risk social dilemma, introducing uncertain thresholds and gradual climate change for instance. Climate change also entails not only asymmetry ...
... in contrast may lead to early political lock-ins and disastrous consequences. Future research is needed to bring more realism and complexity in the collective-risk social dilemma, introducing uncertain thresholds and gradual climate change for instance. Climate change also entails not only asymmetry ...
Climate change and Health Across Africa: Issues
... for example during heat waves. Rising temperatures will affect pathogen life cycle and range affecting rate of infections, especially vector‐borne diseases. The overall balance of effects from climate change on health globally is likely to be negative and it is predicted to be much greater in Af ...
... for example during heat waves. Rising temperatures will affect pathogen life cycle and range affecting rate of infections, especially vector‐borne diseases. The overall balance of effects from climate change on health globally is likely to be negative and it is predicted to be much greater in Af ...
Text - Reading`s CentAUR
... then alter the zonal mean temperature (through radiation) and zonal wind (through thermal wind balance), which could in turn affect wave propagation and the residual circulation. Since changes in both GHGs and ODSs are required for this to happen (i.e., ozone loss in the extended region would not oc ...
... then alter the zonal mean temperature (through radiation) and zonal wind (through thermal wind balance), which could in turn affect wave propagation and the residual circulation. Since changes in both GHGs and ODSs are required for this to happen (i.e., ozone loss in the extended region would not oc ...
Regional temperature change over the HuangHuaiHai Plain of
... ABSTRACT: Irrigation and urbanization, two widely occurring land-use/land-cover changes, have important influences on regional climate, especially on temperature. The effect of irrigation and urbanization on temperature is separately documented in several studies. However, there are few studies anal ...
... ABSTRACT: Irrigation and urbanization, two widely occurring land-use/land-cover changes, have important influences on regional climate, especially on temperature. The effect of irrigation and urbanization on temperature is separately documented in several studies. However, there are few studies anal ...
Local Climate Change Governance
... 1.2 Defining Governance and the Local Several commentators have noted a general political shift—from a central government model to decentralised governance processes—that has been accompanied by growing scholarly attention to this mode of policy-making (among others Eversole/Scholfield 2006; Betsill ...
... 1.2 Defining Governance and the Local Several commentators have noted a general political shift—from a central government model to decentralised governance processes—that has been accompanied by growing scholarly attention to this mode of policy-making (among others Eversole/Scholfield 2006; Betsill ...
The Potential Impacts of Climate Change Factors
... Abstract: Water eutrophication has become one of the most serious aquatic environmental problems around the world. More and more research has indicated climate change as a major natural factor that will lead to the acceleration of eutrophication in rivers and lakes. However, understanding the mechan ...
... Abstract: Water eutrophication has become one of the most serious aquatic environmental problems around the world. More and more research has indicated climate change as a major natural factor that will lead to the acceleration of eutrophication in rivers and lakes. However, understanding the mechan ...
COMMUNITIES AT RISK? Tool 2, Activity 8 Greenland Defends
... Canadian government, have seized on the consequences of global warming to promote industrial growth. Facing these extraordinary changes, the Inuit, who started to give up nomadic life only 50 years ago, are coping with forced changes to their lifestyle while trying to maintain control over their fut ...
... Canadian government, have seized on the consequences of global warming to promote industrial growth. Facing these extraordinary changes, the Inuit, who started to give up nomadic life only 50 years ago, are coping with forced changes to their lifestyle while trying to maintain control over their fut ...
Workshop Report - Ontario Centre for Climate Impacts and
... temperatures in the winter and spring, increased variability in the weather (range of temperature change in one day) and an increase in wind. The area has experienced milder and shorter winters. Over the last few years the snow has been very heavy (i.e. lots of moisture in the snow). Like the other ...
... temperatures in the winter and spring, increased variability in the weather (range of temperature change in one day) and an increase in wind. The area has experienced milder and shorter winters. Over the last few years the snow has been very heavy (i.e. lots of moisture in the snow). Like the other ...
PDF
... both countries were more likely to adapt if they had access to extension, credit, and land. Deressa et al. (2009) show that 58 percent of farmers in the Nile Basin of Ethiopia have adapted to climate change. Results from the multinomial logit model indicate that the level of education, gender, age, ...
... both countries were more likely to adapt if they had access to extension, credit, and land. Deressa et al. (2009) show that 58 percent of farmers in the Nile Basin of Ethiopia have adapted to climate change. Results from the multinomial logit model indicate that the level of education, gender, age, ...
Protection of the atmosphere
... international community’s present-day needs. It is acknowledged that both the human and natural environments can be adversely affected by certain changes in the condition of the atmosphere mainly caused by the introduction of harmful substances, causing transboundary air pollution, ozone depletion, ...
... international community’s present-day needs. It is acknowledged that both the human and natural environments can be adversely affected by certain changes in the condition of the atmosphere mainly caused by the introduction of harmful substances, causing transboundary air pollution, ozone depletion, ...
click to - White Rose Research Online
... enable needs to be met. A collective element is also important, however, because individual freedom should not be prevented by the activities of others. Climate change results from changes to the atmosphere, an open access, common property resource. The behaviour and actions of one group of actors i ...
... enable needs to be met. A collective element is also important, however, because individual freedom should not be prevented by the activities of others. Climate change results from changes to the atmosphere, an open access, common property resource. The behaviour and actions of one group of actors i ...
CompPlanSLRCCGoalsPolicies_Draft1_01-23-2014
... As shown in this section, there is a clear historical pattern of sea level rise which began about 11,000 years ago and which is still occurring today. For the past couple thousand years there has been a pattern of only minor, gradual increases in sea level, although the most recent data appears to b ...
... As shown in this section, there is a clear historical pattern of sea level rise which began about 11,000 years ago and which is still occurring today. For the past couple thousand years there has been a pattern of only minor, gradual increases in sea level, although the most recent data appears to b ...
How does climate change alter agricultural strategies to - PIM
... has direct effects on the timing and duration of crop growing seasons, with concomitant impacts on plant growth. Rainfall variability is expected to increase in the future, and floods and droughts will become more common. Changes in temperature and rainfall regime may have considerable impacts on ag ...
... has direct effects on the timing and duration of crop growing seasons, with concomitant impacts on plant growth. Rainfall variability is expected to increase in the future, and floods and droughts will become more common. Changes in temperature and rainfall regime may have considerable impacts on ag ...
Phenological response of tundra plants to background climate
... forms behind these changes are uncertain, although the expansion of deciduous shrubs is probably a contributing factor [9]. The warming and greening of the Arctic is heterogeneous across the landscape, and the ecological and environmental factors governing this heterogeneity are poorly understood. T ...
... forms behind these changes are uncertain, although the expansion of deciduous shrubs is probably a contributing factor [9]. The warming and greening of the Arctic is heterogeneous across the landscape, and the ecological and environmental factors governing this heterogeneity are poorly understood. T ...
Potential Impacts of Climate Change on the Broads
... substantially more detail, using more models, for more variables, at a finer scale, and using more recent scenarios for future climate change. While the report’s annex contains information on all scenarios, models and variables, the main report concentrates ...
... substantially more detail, using more models, for more variables, at a finer scale, and using more recent scenarios for future climate change. While the report’s annex contains information on all scenarios, models and variables, the main report concentrates ...
OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050
... GHG would reach almost 685 parts per million (ppm) CO2-equivalents by 2050. This is well above the concentration level of 450 ppm required to have at least a 50% chance of stabilising the climate at a 2-degree (2 °C) global average temperature increase, the goal set at the 2010 United Nations Framew ...
... GHG would reach almost 685 parts per million (ppm) CO2-equivalents by 2050. This is well above the concentration level of 450 ppm required to have at least a 50% chance of stabilising the climate at a 2-degree (2 °C) global average temperature increase, the goal set at the 2010 United Nations Framew ...
Climate Change Adaptation in the Great Barrier Reef Iconic National
... boating and fishing) opportunities. For example, change in abundance and distribution of traditional marine resources may lead to disruption of customs and practices with likely loss of knowledge, skills, and culture. The reef-based tourism industry is also highly susceptible to the effects of clima ...
... boating and fishing) opportunities. For example, change in abundance and distribution of traditional marine resources may lead to disruption of customs and practices with likely loss of knowledge, skills, and culture. The reef-based tourism industry is also highly susceptible to the effects of clima ...
Application of Self-Organizing-Maps Technique in Downscaling
... assessments are needed to complement the broad impact assessments such as those provided by Global Climate Models (GCMs) (Feenstra et al., 1997). GCMs represent physical processes in the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere, and land surface. They are widely known to be the most advanced tools currently av ...
... assessments are needed to complement the broad impact assessments such as those provided by Global Climate Models (GCMs) (Feenstra et al., 1997). GCMs represent physical processes in the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere, and land surface. They are widely known to be the most advanced tools currently av ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.