Early-Holocene warming in Beringia and its mediation by sea
... global climate change (e.g., expansion of woody vegetation into tundra and effects of permafrost degradation) are expected to generate further feedbacks to the climate system. Past changes can be used to assess our understanding of feedback mechanisms through a combination of process modeling and pa ...
... global climate change (e.g., expansion of woody vegetation into tundra and effects of permafrost degradation) are expected to generate further feedbacks to the climate system. Past changes can be used to assess our understanding of feedback mechanisms through a combination of process modeling and pa ...
Assessing Vulnerabilities to the Effects of Global Change: An Eight
... vulnerability to the effects of climate change could be described in terms of exposure to elevated temperatures; crop yield sensitivity to the elevated temperatures; and the ability of farmers to adapt to the effects of that sensitivity, such as by planting more heat-resistant cultivars or by ceasin ...
... vulnerability to the effects of climate change could be described in terms of exposure to elevated temperatures; crop yield sensitivity to the elevated temperatures; and the ability of farmers to adapt to the effects of that sensitivity, such as by planting more heat-resistant cultivars or by ceasin ...
Is there a role for power relations in climate vulnerability and
... Climate vulnerability and ecosystem services are encompassing and complementary conceptualizations which are vigorously being mainstreamed in global academia and policy-making to address sustainability issues. Research on both changing climate and degrading ecosystems has concluded that the global e ...
... Climate vulnerability and ecosystem services are encompassing and complementary conceptualizations which are vigorously being mainstreamed in global academia and policy-making to address sustainability issues. Research on both changing climate and degrading ecosystems has concluded that the global e ...
6. Earth radiation balance under present day conditions Radiation
... Radiation and Climate Change FS 2016 Martin Wild ...
... Radiation and Climate Change FS 2016 Martin Wild ...
Hydroclimatic Variability and Predictability: A Survey of Recent
... is now largely being addressed through sensitivity studies using such climate models. With climate models, one can artificially modify the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, among other climate elements, and quantify the model’s long term responses. Dirmeyer et al. (2014a), for example, analyze ...
... is now largely being addressed through sensitivity studies using such climate models. With climate models, one can artificially modify the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, among other climate elements, and quantify the model’s long term responses. Dirmeyer et al. (2014a), for example, analyze ...
African Americans and Climate Change: An
... without resources or savings to adapt. In the United States, drought, sea level rise, and the higher temperatures associated with global warming may have sizeable impacts on several economic sectors including agriculture, insurance, and buildings and infrastructure. Generally, Southern states fare m ...
... without resources or savings to adapt. In the United States, drought, sea level rise, and the higher temperatures associated with global warming may have sizeable impacts on several economic sectors including agriculture, insurance, and buildings and infrastructure. Generally, Southern states fare m ...
A 10-Year Multidisciplinary Program on the Mediterranean Water
... nial) time scales. Continental and marine paleo- the present climate and in a context of global climate records show that the climate and the sea state have change is still low because of the contribution of varied widely in the past, sometimes very quickly finescale processes and their nonlinear in ...
... nial) time scales. Continental and marine paleo- the present climate and in a context of global climate records show that the climate and the sea state have change is still low because of the contribution of varied widely in the past, sometimes very quickly finescale processes and their nonlinear in ...
The global land shortwave cryosphere radiative effect during the
... Hemisphere contributes about 60 % of the global LCrRE. However, non-glaciated regions in the Northern Hemisphere contribute about 32 % of the global LCrRE. Because the areal extent of seasonal snow has little “memory” beyond a year, non-glaciated component of the LCrRE can respond rapidly to climate ...
... Hemisphere contributes about 60 % of the global LCrRE. However, non-glaciated regions in the Northern Hemisphere contribute about 32 % of the global LCrRE. Because the areal extent of seasonal snow has little “memory” beyond a year, non-glaciated component of the LCrRE can respond rapidly to climate ...
About observed and future climate changes in Flanders and Belgium
... are very small. The increase in the number of extremely hot days is most pronounced in the centre of the country, whereas the decrease in the number of extremely cold days is greatest in the Ardennes. The increase in heat stress will be greater in urban areas than in rural areas; not only because ci ...
... are very small. The increase in the number of extremely hot days is most pronounced in the centre of the country, whereas the decrease in the number of extremely cold days is greatest in the Ardennes. The increase in heat stress will be greater in urban areas than in rural areas; not only because ci ...
Bureaucratic Land Rush - Global Public Policy Institute
... capacity has become the basis for the CPC’s claim to absolute power. With its wide spectrum of domestic implications and the growing number of public grievances, environmental politics have become one of the most prominent and most pressing test cases for the CPC’s problem-solving capacity. In react ...
... capacity has become the basis for the CPC’s claim to absolute power. With its wide spectrum of domestic implications and the growing number of public grievances, environmental politics have become one of the most prominent and most pressing test cases for the CPC’s problem-solving capacity. In react ...
T M Global Climate Change, Human Security, and Democracy Overview of Core Issues
... Ecosystems are components of biodiversity; and species and their diversity are essential components within ecosystems. Each species, and therefore biodiversity, has a fundamental role in the provision of ecosystem services (see Appendix 1). The loss of biodiversity will lead to a change in the servi ...
... Ecosystems are components of biodiversity; and species and their diversity are essential components within ecosystems. Each species, and therefore biodiversity, has a fundamental role in the provision of ecosystem services (see Appendix 1). The loss of biodiversity will lead to a change in the servi ...
Impact of climate change on soil frost under snow cover in a forested
... Typical maximum annual soil frost depths in centraleastern Finland are 15 to 20 cm. In northern Finland, both snow depth and frost sum have larger values than in central-eastern Finland, and on average the maximum annual soil frost depths are greater than 100 cm. The thickness of the snow cover is i ...
... Typical maximum annual soil frost depths in centraleastern Finland are 15 to 20 cm. In northern Finland, both snow depth and frost sum have larger values than in central-eastern Finland, and on average the maximum annual soil frost depths are greater than 100 cm. The thickness of the snow cover is i ...
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... provides strong evidence that human activities are increasing the rate at which the current climate is changing. The Earth‟s climate has changed repeatedly in the past, and there is evidence to show how life on our planet has responded to these changes. The scale and rate of the current change howev ...
... provides strong evidence that human activities are increasing the rate at which the current climate is changing. The Earth‟s climate has changed repeatedly in the past, and there is evidence to show how life on our planet has responded to these changes. The scale and rate of the current change howev ...
the Point of No Return report
... Energy Outlook that no more than one-third of the carbon contained in the proven reserves of fossil fuels can be released into the atmosphere by 2050 if the world is to achieve the 2°C goal.30 The 14 projects alone would eat up 30% of the carbon budget by 2050, and would ensure total emissions excee ...
... Energy Outlook that no more than one-third of the carbon contained in the proven reserves of fossil fuels can be released into the atmosphere by 2050 if the world is to achieve the 2°C goal.30 The 14 projects alone would eat up 30% of the carbon budget by 2050, and would ensure total emissions excee ...
Gilbert N. Plass: Climate Science in Perspective
... spectrum reaches the surface of the Earth on a clear day with relatively little attenuation since the atmosphere is transparent to most frequencies in the visible. However, in order to have a warm climate, this heat energy must be held near the surface of the Earth and cannot be reradiated to space ...
... spectrum reaches the surface of the Earth on a clear day with relatively little attenuation since the atmosphere is transparent to most frequencies in the visible. However, in order to have a warm climate, this heat energy must be held near the surface of the Earth and cannot be reradiated to space ...
It is beyond cavil that climate change poses grave and irreversible
... scenario of the IPCC, leading to a significant chance of exceeding 4 (degrees) Celsius of warming”.7 The World Bank is even more pessimistic: “(...) the likelihood of 4 (degrees) C warming being reached or exceeded this century has increased, in the absence of near-term actions and further commitmen ...
... scenario of the IPCC, leading to a significant chance of exceeding 4 (degrees) Celsius of warming”.7 The World Bank is even more pessimistic: “(...) the likelihood of 4 (degrees) C warming being reached or exceeded this century has increased, in the absence of near-term actions and further commitmen ...
Climate Change Risk Analysis: Assessment of Future Natural
... tapped into the resources available to them such as homeowners’ insurance, Small Business Association (SBA) disaster loans, bank loans, homeowner savings, and donated resources, including volunteer labor. (Springfield CDBG – Disaster Recovery Partial Action Plan A). As stated in the Disaster Recover ...
... tapped into the resources available to them such as homeowners’ insurance, Small Business Association (SBA) disaster loans, bank loans, homeowner savings, and donated resources, including volunteer labor. (Springfield CDBG – Disaster Recovery Partial Action Plan A). As stated in the Disaster Recover ...
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... agricultural production, soil quality, climate, and weather. The agricultural land values, profits and production data is derived from the 1978, 1982, 1987, 1992, 1997, and 2002 Censuses of Agriculture. The soil quality data comes from the National Resource Inventory data files from the same years. ...
... agricultural production, soil quality, climate, and weather. The agricultural land values, profits and production data is derived from the 1978, 1982, 1987, 1992, 1997, and 2002 Censuses of Agriculture. The soil quality data comes from the National Resource Inventory data files from the same years. ...
Author`s personal copy - Climate Adaptation Knowledge Exchange
... 4. Climate change policy in the context of the Canadian North 4.1. Mitigation and adaptation The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC, 1992) outlines two key areas for climate policy, mitigation and adaptation, both of which are essential for Canada’s Inuit population. Firstly ...
... 4. Climate change policy in the context of the Canadian North 4.1. Mitigation and adaptation The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC, 1992) outlines two key areas for climate policy, mitigation and adaptation, both of which are essential for Canada’s Inuit population. Firstly ...
Increasing frequency of extreme El Niño events due to greenhouse
... period, illustrating simulation of the observed evolution. c,d, Relationship between eastern equatorial Pacific (Niño3 area: 5◦ S–5◦ N, 150◦ W–90◦ W) austral summer total rainfall and austral summer meridional SST gradient for the control and climate change periods, respectively. Red, green and blue ...
... period, illustrating simulation of the observed evolution. c,d, Relationship between eastern equatorial Pacific (Niño3 area: 5◦ S–5◦ N, 150◦ W–90◦ W) austral summer total rainfall and austral summer meridional SST gradient for the control and climate change periods, respectively. Red, green and blue ...
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... aspects. It might be the major concern to human being because warming will be directly related to food consumption and human health if it especially decreases agricultural production. It is not surprising that global warming has been receiving a lot of people’s attention. According to Oreskes (2004) ...
... aspects. It might be the major concern to human being because warming will be directly related to food consumption and human health if it especially decreases agricultural production. It is not surprising that global warming has been receiving a lot of people’s attention. According to Oreskes (2004) ...
The role of meteorological processes in the
... Non-lake effect (i.e., large-scale and convective) precipitation in the Great Lakes region is seasonally controlled by different mechanisms. We define the warm (May–September) and cool (October–April) seasons based on different precipitation processes that are generally dominant during those times. ...
... Non-lake effect (i.e., large-scale and convective) precipitation in the Great Lakes region is seasonally controlled by different mechanisms. We define the warm (May–September) and cool (October–April) seasons based on different precipitation processes that are generally dominant during those times. ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.