shows
... data driven. The decade’s advances in modeling are unimaginable without the enormous increase in the quantity and precision of paleoclimate proxy data. Two of the topics we discuss below, paleo-ENSO and abrupt change, did not exist until there were methods to create high-resolution records. For othe ...
... data driven. The decade’s advances in modeling are unimaginable without the enormous increase in the quantity and precision of paleoclimate proxy data. Two of the topics we discuss below, paleo-ENSO and abrupt change, did not exist until there were methods to create high-resolution records. For othe ...
Workshop Report - Ontario Centre for Climate Impacts and
... atmosphere and are tracking in line with the ‘worst case’ scenarios developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). This combined with continued emissions commits the planet to further global climate change. Globally, temperatures have increased 0.74°C over the last 100 years. The ...
... atmosphere and are tracking in line with the ‘worst case’ scenarios developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). This combined with continued emissions commits the planet to further global climate change. Globally, temperatures have increased 0.74°C over the last 100 years. The ...
Climate change and Arctic ecosystems II
... 1996a]. The model is sensitive to CO2 concentration because of the responses of NPP and stomatal conductance to CO2 and the differential effects of CO2 on the NPP of C3 and C4 plants. [8] To identify the biome for a given grid cell, the model ranks the tree and nontree PFTs that were calculated for ...
... 1996a]. The model is sensitive to CO2 concentration because of the responses of NPP and stomatal conductance to CO2 and the differential effects of CO2 on the NPP of C3 and C4 plants. [8] To identify the biome for a given grid cell, the model ranks the tree and nontree PFTs that were calculated for ...
Adaptation to Climate Change in the Context of Sustainable
... information relevant for the understanding of the risk of human-induced climate change” (Najam et al. 2003). The KP also is largely concerned with quantitative limits for GHG emissions. However, there are convincing arguments for consideration of adaptation as a response measure. First, no matter ho ...
... information relevant for the understanding of the risk of human-induced climate change” (Najam et al. 2003). The KP also is largely concerned with quantitative limits for GHG emissions. However, there are convincing arguments for consideration of adaptation as a response measure. First, no matter ho ...
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... cooperative setting, Bosello et al. (2010) show that adaptation crowds out mitigation, but that analysis does not consider uncertainty and irreversibility. This paper contributes to the literature on the interlinkages between adaptation, mitigation, and precautionary abatement by developing a model ...
... cooperative setting, Bosello et al. (2010) show that adaptation crowds out mitigation, but that analysis does not consider uncertainty and irreversibility. This paper contributes to the literature on the interlinkages between adaptation, mitigation, and precautionary abatement by developing a model ...
Adaptation to Climate Change in the context of Sustainable
... information relevant for the understanding of the risk of human-induced climate change” (Najam et al. 2003). The KP also is largely concerned with quantitative limits for GHG emissions. However, there are convincing arguments for consideration of adaptation as a response measure. First, no matter ho ...
... information relevant for the understanding of the risk of human-induced climate change” (Najam et al. 2003). The KP also is largely concerned with quantitative limits for GHG emissions. However, there are convincing arguments for consideration of adaptation as a response measure. First, no matter ho ...
Central Mekong Delta Region Connectivity Project
... assessment and identifying appropriate and promising adaptation responses. This publication is an important contribution to the case study literature on adaptation. The transport sector is potentially among the most vulnerable to projected changes in climate variables, and this report illustrates th ...
... assessment and identifying appropriate and promising adaptation responses. This publication is an important contribution to the case study literature on adaptation. The transport sector is potentially among the most vulnerable to projected changes in climate variables, and this report illustrates th ...
Final CHNEP Vulnerability Assessment.indd
... be if the atmosphere did not contain these gases. Without this natural “greenhouse effect” temperatures would be about 60ºF (about 33ºC) lower than they are now, and life as we know it today would not be possible (EPA 2007a). Climate change may result from: • natural factors, such as changes in the ...
... be if the atmosphere did not contain these gases. Without this natural “greenhouse effect” temperatures would be about 60ºF (about 33ºC) lower than they are now, and life as we know it today would not be possible (EPA 2007a). Climate change may result from: • natural factors, such as changes in the ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES EMERGING LIABILITY CHALLENGE
... companies with failure to prepare for climate-related financial exposures. To the extent that the shareholders take such cases to court, insurers have to defend those firms who have purchased Directors and Officers liability coverage from them. As insurance policies are usually renewed annually, in ...
... companies with failure to prepare for climate-related financial exposures. To the extent that the shareholders take such cases to court, insurers have to defend those firms who have purchased Directors and Officers liability coverage from them. As insurance policies are usually renewed annually, in ...
Personal experience and the `psychological distance` of
... greater belief in and concern about global climate change (Haden, Niles, Lubell, Perlman, & Jackson, 2012). Exposure to hurricanes was associated with a reversal in implicit attitudes toward a “green” politician (Rudman, McLean, & Bunzl, 2013), and those who report flood experience are more concerned ...
... greater belief in and concern about global climate change (Haden, Niles, Lubell, Perlman, & Jackson, 2012). Exposure to hurricanes was associated with a reversal in implicit attitudes toward a “green” politician (Rudman, McLean, & Bunzl, 2013), and those who report flood experience are more concerned ...
the impacts of global climate change on grassland ecosystems
... In order to describe the future climate, most investigations have relied upon projections based on simulations with GCMs, in other words, climate change scenarios. Carter (1996) has argued that these scenarios have not been used effectively enough in past assessments, because of weaknesses in the me ...
... In order to describe the future climate, most investigations have relied upon projections based on simulations with GCMs, in other words, climate change scenarios. Carter (1996) has argued that these scenarios have not been used effectively enough in past assessments, because of weaknesses in the me ...
2. Scope of a possible GMES Climate Change Contribution
... also apply to forward-looking studies. However, there will be limitations on some of the aspects, due to limitations in both global and downscaled regional climate change models. There are various causes of uncertainties including incomplete understanding of the physical, chemical and biological pro ...
... also apply to forward-looking studies. However, there will be limitations on some of the aspects, due to limitations in both global and downscaled regional climate change models. There are various causes of uncertainties including incomplete understanding of the physical, chemical and biological pro ...
Cultural and Economic Factors That Influence Brazilian Public
... Brazil is currently experiencing one of its worst droughts. Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and other cities are rationing water. Deforestation of the Amazon is believed to ...
... Brazil is currently experiencing one of its worst droughts. Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and other cities are rationing water. Deforestation of the Amazon is believed to ...
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... Most studies of climate change impacts on agriculture have been carried out at relatively low spatial resolution, such as the national, regional, or global scale (Thornton et al. 2010). Yet the household level is where food scarcity is ultimately experienced and where decisions about production, inv ...
... Most studies of climate change impacts on agriculture have been carried out at relatively low spatial resolution, such as the national, regional, or global scale (Thornton et al. 2010). Yet the household level is where food scarcity is ultimately experienced and where decisions about production, inv ...
Mitigation of What and by What? Adaptation by Whom and
... as well as in participating in the growth itself. On the other hand, it makes sure that everyone shares equitably the benefits of growth. Inclusive growth implies participation and benefitsharing. Participation without benefit-sharing makes growth unjust, and sharing benefits without participation m ...
... as well as in participating in the growth itself. On the other hand, it makes sure that everyone shares equitably the benefits of growth. Inclusive growth implies participation and benefitsharing. Participation without benefit-sharing makes growth unjust, and sharing benefits without participation m ...
Assessing knowledge of social representations of climate change
... offered by tourist destinations and thus, any change in atmospheric conditions could have a considerable impact [4–9]. Similarly, it should not be forgotten that tourism has been, and is, one of the factors responsible for climate change: at present, tourism reflects the general energy consumption m ...
... offered by tourist destinations and thus, any change in atmospheric conditions could have a considerable impact [4–9]. Similarly, it should not be forgotten that tourism has been, and is, one of the factors responsible for climate change: at present, tourism reflects the general energy consumption m ...
A method to consider whether dams mitigate climate change effects
... that represent extremes for possible precipitation and temperature, MIROC32med and NCARPCM1, MIROC32med is warmer and drier whereas NCARPCM1 is cooler and wetter (Cayan et al., 2009). Both GCMs used the A2 emissions scenario, which assumes moderately severe climate change and continuously increasing ...
... that represent extremes for possible precipitation and temperature, MIROC32med and NCARPCM1, MIROC32med is warmer and drier whereas NCARPCM1 is cooler and wetter (Cayan et al., 2009). Both GCMs used the A2 emissions scenario, which assumes moderately severe climate change and continuously increasing ...
English
... As in the original report, climate-related geoengineering is defined as a deliberate intervention in the planetary environment of a nature and scale intended to counteract anthropogenic climate change and its impacts. This definition is used for the purposes of the 2015 Update without prejudice to a ...
... As in the original report, climate-related geoengineering is defined as a deliberate intervention in the planetary environment of a nature and scale intended to counteract anthropogenic climate change and its impacts. This definition is used for the purposes of the 2015 Update without prejudice to a ...
Scientific Facts on Arctic Climate Change
... 2.3.1 While most analyses of climate impacts focus on scenarios of steady gradual warming, there is a possibility that the warming could trigger abrupt changes in climate. The mechanisms that underlie such potential abrupt changes are not adequately taken into account by current climate models, whic ...
... 2.3.1 While most analyses of climate impacts focus on scenarios of steady gradual warming, there is a possibility that the warming could trigger abrupt changes in climate. The mechanisms that underlie such potential abrupt changes are not adequately taken into account by current climate models, whic ...
Global Warming & Sea Level rise
... The last time the world was three degrees warmer than today – which is what we expect later this century – sea levels were 25m higher. So that is what we can look forward to if we don't act soon.” Dr. James Hansen; Published on Friday, February 17, 2006, by the Independent/UK : ...
... The last time the world was three degrees warmer than today – which is what we expect later this century – sea levels were 25m higher. So that is what we can look forward to if we don't act soon.” Dr. James Hansen; Published on Friday, February 17, 2006, by the Independent/UK : ...
VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN MEXICAN ARID
... Climate variability is a term usually to define anomalies in climate patterns in a specific location or time period. When these anomalies become unusual and harmful are considered among Climate Change parameters. According to the International Panel for Climate Change (IPCC, 2001) definition, climat ...
... Climate variability is a term usually to define anomalies in climate patterns in a specific location or time period. When these anomalies become unusual and harmful are considered among Climate Change parameters. According to the International Panel for Climate Change (IPCC, 2001) definition, climat ...
Is climate an important driver of post
... hardwoods. Acer increases and associated mesophication in Quercus-Pinus systems were delayed until mid 20th century fire suppression. This led to significant warm to cool shifts in temperature class where cool-adapted Acer saccharum increased and temperature neutral changes where warm-adapted Acer r ...
... hardwoods. Acer increases and associated mesophication in Quercus-Pinus systems were delayed until mid 20th century fire suppression. This led to significant warm to cool shifts in temperature class where cool-adapted Acer saccharum increased and temperature neutral changes where warm-adapted Acer r ...
Consequences of climate change for biogeochemical cycling in
... with the global climatic trends. For example, Hayhoe et al. (2007) recently synthesized and analyzed historical records to show that surface air temperature in the northeastern United States has warmed by 0.8 8C over the twentieth century, with greater increases in winter temperature (1.2 8C) than s ...
... with the global climatic trends. For example, Hayhoe et al. (2007) recently synthesized and analyzed historical records to show that surface air temperature in the northeastern United States has warmed by 0.8 8C over the twentieth century, with greater increases in winter temperature (1.2 8C) than s ...
Effects of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon cycle: concepts
... will often reduce evapotranspiration and its cooling effect and thereby causes a positive local feedback on warming (e.g. Seneviratne et al., 2010; Teuling et al., 2010; Mueller & Seneviratne, 2012; Peng et al., 2014). Regional assessments clearly indicate the relevance of climate extremes on the ca ...
... will often reduce evapotranspiration and its cooling effect and thereby causes a positive local feedback on warming (e.g. Seneviratne et al., 2010; Teuling et al., 2010; Mueller & Seneviratne, 2012; Peng et al., 2014). Regional assessments clearly indicate the relevance of climate extremes on the ca ...
Tipping Points, Thresholds and the Keystone Role of Physiology in
... in species range boundaries, but at least in some cases may be localized extinctions even well within range boundaries. Moreover, recent studies have documented geographic variability in physiological tolerance (Pearson et al., 2009) and have experimentally shown evidence of local adaptation (Kuo an ...
... in species range boundaries, but at least in some cases may be localized extinctions even well within range boundaries. Moreover, recent studies have documented geographic variability in physiological tolerance (Pearson et al., 2009) and have experimentally shown evidence of local adaptation (Kuo an ...
Effects of global warming
The effects of global warming are the environmental and social changes caused (directly or indirectly) by human emissions of greenhouse gases. There is a scientific consensus that climate change is occurring, and that human activities are the primary driver. Many impacts of climate change have already been observed, including glacier retreat, changes in the timing of seasonal events (e.g., earlier flowering of plants), and changes in agricultural productivity.Future effects of climate change will vary depending on climate change policies and social development. The two main policies to address climate change are reducing human greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and adapting to the impacts of climate change. Geoengineering is another policy option.Near-term climate change policies could significantly affect long-term climate change impacts. Stringent mitigation policies might be able to limit global warming (in 2100) to around 2 °C or below, relative to pre-industrial levels. Without mitigation, increased energy demand and extensive use of fossil fuels might lead to global warming of around 4 °C. Higher magnitudes of global warming would be more difficult to adapt to, and would increase the risk of negative impacts.