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... Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2007: 2), “warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in average global air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level.” Scientific reports since th ...
... Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2007: 2), “warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in average global air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level.” Scientific reports since th ...
Climate Change Risk Assessment
... VicRoads interactive website is an example of a tool to address customer needs for greater and more timely information regarding network performance and availability as a result of adverse weather events. ...
... VicRoads interactive website is an example of a tool to address customer needs for greater and more timely information regarding network performance and availability as a result of adverse weather events. ...
The implications of climate change scenario selection for future
... over future climate evolution at the scale of this transition zone, advances in climate science (perhaps including higherresolution earth system models) will be required before these consequences can be projected with much confidence (Seager and Vecchi, 2010). The topography of the basin also influe ...
... over future climate evolution at the scale of this transition zone, advances in climate science (perhaps including higherresolution earth system models) will be required before these consequences can be projected with much confidence (Seager and Vecchi, 2010). The topography of the basin also influe ...
CCWG - Vietnam Climate Finance Options
... climate occurs because of internal changes within the climate system or in the interaction between its components, or because of changes in external forcing either for natural reasons or because of human activities. It is generally not possible clearly to make attribution between these causes. Proje ...
... climate occurs because of internal changes within the climate system or in the interaction between its components, or because of changes in external forcing either for natural reasons or because of human activities. It is generally not possible clearly to make attribution between these causes. Proje ...
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... and the other representing technical and economic conditions predicted for the year 2030. The impact of this climate on crop yields is captured using the EPIC model, and the direct effects of CO2 enrichment based on laboratory experiments are incorporated. Under the worst case scenario, where there ...
... and the other representing technical and economic conditions predicted for the year 2030. The impact of this climate on crop yields is captured using the EPIC model, and the direct effects of CO2 enrichment based on laboratory experiments are incorporated. Under the worst case scenario, where there ...
Estimating the impact of traffic on the UTLS QUANTIFY
... regional to local scale for the territory of central and eastern Europe, with emphasis on using very high climate resolution in order to capture the effects of the complex terrain of the region. From the viewpoint of climate scenario production, this goal will be achieved through a strategy of multi ...
... regional to local scale for the territory of central and eastern Europe, with emphasis on using very high climate resolution in order to capture the effects of the complex terrain of the region. From the viewpoint of climate scenario production, this goal will be achieved through a strategy of multi ...
Climate Change: Effects on Salinity in Florida`s Estuaries
... projects that global average sea level will rise between 1 and 3 feet during this century, and that it is “virtually certain” that sea level will continue to rise after 2100. If global warming passes a certain threshold, projected to be between 2°F and 3°F, there could be near-complete loss of the G ...
... projects that global average sea level will rise between 1 and 3 feet during this century, and that it is “virtually certain” that sea level will continue to rise after 2100. If global warming passes a certain threshold, projected to be between 2°F and 3°F, there could be near-complete loss of the G ...
How warm was the last interglacial? New model–data comparisons
... atmospheric model and includes specified but multiple land covers and plant functional types within a grid cell [29]. The ocean model is the NCAR implementation of the Parallel Ocean Program (POP), a three-dimensional primitive equation model in vertical z-coordinate [30]. The ×1 ocean grid has 320 × ...
... atmospheric model and includes specified but multiple land covers and plant functional types within a grid cell [29]. The ocean model is the NCAR implementation of the Parallel Ocean Program (POP), a three-dimensional primitive equation model in vertical z-coordinate [30]. The ×1 ocean grid has 320 × ...
AFGHANISTAN: CLIMATE CHANGE SCIENCE PERSPECTIVES
... scenario with limited Green House Gas (GHG) emissions (RCP 4.5) is projected to lead, with high certainty, to strong warming. Climate change projections for Afghanistan also show a temperature increase of around 1.4°C until 2050 and stabilization at the end of the century at around 2.6°C. Under a “p ...
... scenario with limited Green House Gas (GHG) emissions (RCP 4.5) is projected to lead, with high certainty, to strong warming. Climate change projections for Afghanistan also show a temperature increase of around 1.4°C until 2050 and stabilization at the end of the century at around 2.6°C. Under a “p ...
Deep uncertainty in long-term hurricane risk: Scenario generation and implications for future climate experiments
... only a limited sampling of the (stage II) uncertainties in the models (Knutti et al., 2010; Oreskes et al., 2010; Stainforth et al., 2007a,b; Morgan, 2003). Similarly, the range of downscaling models used to explore the (stage III) uncertainty represents only a limited sample. Indeed, parameter unce ...
... only a limited sampling of the (stage II) uncertainties in the models (Knutti et al., 2010; Oreskes et al., 2010; Stainforth et al., 2007a,b; Morgan, 2003). Similarly, the range of downscaling models used to explore the (stage III) uncertainty represents only a limited sample. Indeed, parameter unce ...
Investigating climate change vulnerability and planning for adaptation
... the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) [cf. 12]. This assessment used Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) low resolution general circulation model multi-model global ensembles extracted for the Albertine Rift and downscaled to 50 km resolution. The modeling ran predictions under the SR ...
... the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) [cf. 12]. This assessment used Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) low resolution general circulation model multi-model global ensembles extracted for the Albertine Rift and downscaled to 50 km resolution. The modeling ran predictions under the SR ...
Climate Change Impacts on Australia and the Benefits of Early
... flooding. Global large-scale singularities, such as a slowing or collapse of the ocean’s thermohaline circulation or the collapse of the ice sheets of West Antarctica or Greenland, would also have important long-term implications for Australia’s climate and coastline. Avoiding, or at the very least ...
... flooding. Global large-scale singularities, such as a slowing or collapse of the ocean’s thermohaline circulation or the collapse of the ice sheets of West Antarctica or Greenland, would also have important long-term implications for Australia’s climate and coastline. Avoiding, or at the very least ...
Cultural legitimacy and regulatory transitions for climate change: A
... greenhouse gases around the globe is uniform, the impact of such concentration is not identical across the world.2 Consequently, different regions around the world will not experience the same temperature increase and the usual references to averages in reports mask fact that some places will suffer ...
... greenhouse gases around the globe is uniform, the impact of such concentration is not identical across the world.2 Consequently, different regions around the world will not experience the same temperature increase and the usual references to averages in reports mask fact that some places will suffer ...
Climate Change Impact Assessment in Taiwan Chung
... approximately 1.1-1.6°C/century (Fig. 2a). This rate is higher than the global rate of 0.74°C/century, but it is comparable to the warming conditions in other Eastern Asia regions (Wang and Gaffen, 2001; Chung et al., 2004; Trenberth et al., 2007). In the last 30 years, the warming rate has doubled ...
... approximately 1.1-1.6°C/century (Fig. 2a). This rate is higher than the global rate of 0.74°C/century, but it is comparable to the warming conditions in other Eastern Asia regions (Wang and Gaffen, 2001; Chung et al., 2004; Trenberth et al., 2007). In the last 30 years, the warming rate has doubled ...
Climate change and European forests: What do we
... change impacts have been increasingly reported over recent years (e.g. S anchez-Salguero et al., 2012; Rigling et al., 2013; Ruffault et al., 2013). In contrast, the majority of published model simulations of climate change impacts indicate increasing productivity and larger carbon stocks compared ...
... change impacts have been increasingly reported over recent years (e.g. S anchez-Salguero et al., 2012; Rigling et al., 2013; Ruffault et al., 2013). In contrast, the majority of published model simulations of climate change impacts indicate increasing productivity and larger carbon stocks compared ...
Diseases in tropical and plantation crops as affected by climate
... FACE and open-top chambers (OTCs) offer more realistic options to understand how rising atmospheric composition of CO2 and O3 can influence host–pathogen interaction, disease severity and management of tropical and plantation crops. There are several OTC (Bortier et al., 2000; Riikonen et al., 2008) ...
... FACE and open-top chambers (OTCs) offer more realistic options to understand how rising atmospheric composition of CO2 and O3 can influence host–pathogen interaction, disease severity and management of tropical and plantation crops. There are several OTC (Bortier et al., 2000; Riikonen et al., 2008) ...
3.1.13 Caspian Sea level fluctuations as a consequence of regional
... Caspian Sea evaporation and sea level over a long period (PANIN 1987, 1999) show a high coherence of these processes during the period of the current sea level rise. Therefore, the question arises: What physical processes caused the decrease in evaporation in the Caspian Sea region over more than 30 ...
... Caspian Sea evaporation and sea level over a long period (PANIN 1987, 1999) show a high coherence of these processes during the period of the current sea level rise. Therefore, the question arises: What physical processes caused the decrease in evaporation in the Caspian Sea region over more than 30 ...
Not a Problem, Someone Else`s Problem, My Problem or Our
... feedback loops individual actions help to shape social norms over time. The power of social norms and networks has been studied extensively. One example is a Californian study on household energy-efficiency programmes. Providing simple information about a household’s energy performance relative to t ...
... feedback loops individual actions help to shape social norms over time. The power of social norms and networks has been studied extensively. One example is a Californian study on household energy-efficiency programmes. Providing simple information about a household’s energy performance relative to t ...
Choosing and Using Climate-Change Scenarios for Ecological
... Abstract: Increased concern over climate change is demonstrated by the many efforts to assess climate effects and develop adaptation strategies. Scientists, resource managers, and decision makers are increasingly expected to use climate information, but they struggle with its uncertainty. With the c ...
... Abstract: Increased concern over climate change is demonstrated by the many efforts to assess climate effects and develop adaptation strategies. Scientists, resource managers, and decision makers are increasingly expected to use climate information, but they struggle with its uncertainty. With the c ...
The Influence on Climate Change of Differing Scenarios for Future
... The literature on future greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and resultant climate changes is populated by hundreds of scenarios of future development. These scenarios are dependent on many underlying assumptions about future human activity, the pace and shape of political and technological change, and t ...
... The literature on future greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and resultant climate changes is populated by hundreds of scenarios of future development. These scenarios are dependent on many underlying assumptions about future human activity, the pace and shape of political and technological change, and t ...
Climate controls on marine ecosystems and fish populations
... ecosystem responses to climate change. Our analysis of observations and model results for the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans concludes that most climate variability is accounted for by the combination of intermittent 1–2 year duration events, e.g. the cumulative effect of monthly weather anomalies or th ...
... ecosystem responses to climate change. Our analysis of observations and model results for the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans concludes that most climate variability is accounted for by the combination of intermittent 1–2 year duration events, e.g. the cumulative effect of monthly weather anomalies or th ...
The Potential Conseque
... The West underwent a dramatic transformation in the 20th century in its human population,economy, and landscape. Since the middle of the century, the population has increased fourfold (see Figure 1). Although more than two-thirds of the West’s 46 million people live in California,more recently the i ...
... The West underwent a dramatic transformation in the 20th century in its human population,economy, and landscape. Since the middle of the century, the population has increased fourfold (see Figure 1). Although more than two-thirds of the West’s 46 million people live in California,more recently the i ...
Observed Climate Variations and Change
... Oscillation phenomenon in the tropical Pacific. Evidence is also emerging of decadal time scale variability of ocean circulation and deep ocean heat content that is likely to be an important factor in climate change. It is not yet possible to deduce changes in precipitation on global or even hemisph ...
... Oscillation phenomenon in the tropical Pacific. Evidence is also emerging of decadal time scale variability of ocean circulation and deep ocean heat content that is likely to be an important factor in climate change. It is not yet possible to deduce changes in precipitation on global or even hemisph ...
the eastern European Alps Climate change and geomorphological
... and decrease in the south and east, with increased precipitation intensity in all regions (Frei et al. 2005). Despite uncertainties related to regional climate simulations of precipitation in complex terrain, Beniston (2006) suggested that mean and extreme precipitation values may undergo a seasonal ...
... and decrease in the south and east, with increased precipitation intensity in all regions (Frei et al. 2005). Despite uncertainties related to regional climate simulations of precipitation in complex terrain, Beniston (2006) suggested that mean and extreme precipitation values may undergo a seasonal ...
Effects of global warming
The effects of global warming are the environmental and social changes caused (directly or indirectly) by human emissions of greenhouse gases. There is a scientific consensus that climate change is occurring, and that human activities are the primary driver. Many impacts of climate change have already been observed, including glacier retreat, changes in the timing of seasonal events (e.g., earlier flowering of plants), and changes in agricultural productivity.Future effects of climate change will vary depending on climate change policies and social development. The two main policies to address climate change are reducing human greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and adapting to the impacts of climate change. Geoengineering is another policy option.Near-term climate change policies could significantly affect long-term climate change impacts. Stringent mitigation policies might be able to limit global warming (in 2100) to around 2 °C or below, relative to pre-industrial levels. Without mitigation, increased energy demand and extensive use of fossil fuels might lead to global warming of around 4 °C. Higher magnitudes of global warming would be more difficult to adapt to, and would increase the risk of negative impacts.