changing risks in changing climate
... demography, land-use and other socio-economic changes (Figure I). Development plans from municipalities, regional or national governments can provide exposure and vulnerability changes in the risk assessment, too. The Danube Macro-region has been already strongly affected by climate variability and ...
... demography, land-use and other socio-economic changes (Figure I). Development plans from municipalities, regional or national governments can provide exposure and vulnerability changes in the risk assessment, too. The Danube Macro-region has been already strongly affected by climate variability and ...
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... In this article, I analyze the main obstacles to pro-environmental behaviors within the individual decision-process. Specifically, I focus on individual attitudes toward climate change: from the very perception of the issue, to the way of “interacting” with it, to the possible response and actions ...
... In this article, I analyze the main obstacles to pro-environmental behaviors within the individual decision-process. Specifically, I focus on individual attitudes toward climate change: from the very perception of the issue, to the way of “interacting” with it, to the possible response and actions ...
Forest Processes and Global Environmental Change: Predicting the
... drought, and even the frequency of drought events, can be affected by the interactions among CO2, transpiration, and soil water content, as described in the previous section. Increases in temperature also lengthen the growing season in temperate or cold-deciduous systems. In regions where drought st ...
... drought, and even the frequency of drought events, can be affected by the interactions among CO2, transpiration, and soil water content, as described in the previous section. Increases in temperature also lengthen the growing season in temperate or cold-deciduous systems. In regions where drought st ...
Oceans - Sea level change
... If greenhouse gas concentrations were stabilized today,sea level would nonetheless continue to rise for hundreds of years. Sea level rise threatens low lying areas around the world. Island nations, such as the Maldives and Comoros, are particularly at risk. Coastal cities, such as New York City and ...
... If greenhouse gas concentrations were stabilized today,sea level would nonetheless continue to rise for hundreds of years. Sea level rise threatens low lying areas around the world. Island nations, such as the Maldives and Comoros, are particularly at risk. Coastal cities, such as New York City and ...
Research Note Effects of Warming Conditions in Eastern North
... showed that two species of frogs and three species of salamanders spawned progressively earlier from 1979 to 1994 and that these patterns were correlated with increasing winter and spring average temperatures (Beebee 1995). Timing of calling of four frog species in New York occurred 10–13 days earli ...
... showed that two species of frogs and three species of salamanders spawned progressively earlier from 1979 to 1994 and that these patterns were correlated with increasing winter and spring average temperatures (Beebee 1995). Timing of calling of four frog species in New York occurred 10–13 days earli ...
"A Broader View of the Role of Humans in the... Assessment of Costs and Benefits of Effective Climate Policy"
... an effective policy to limit the atmospheric concentration of this gas. However, humans are significantly altering the climate system in a diverse range of ways in addition to CO2. The information that I am presenting will assist in properly placing CO2 policies into the broader context of climate p ...
... an effective policy to limit the atmospheric concentration of this gas. However, humans are significantly altering the climate system in a diverse range of ways in addition to CO2. The information that I am presenting will assist in properly placing CO2 policies into the broader context of climate p ...
Global warming as an asymmetric public bad
... impact severity, equilibrium temperature is too high. It can even be higher than if players were acting myopically, a regime reminiscent of a Pre-Kyoto era and perhaps still relevant to some countries’ behavior. Finally, we find that unless players are myopic, heterogeneity of impacts commands a dif ...
... impact severity, equilibrium temperature is too high. It can even be higher than if players were acting myopically, a regime reminiscent of a Pre-Kyoto era and perhaps still relevant to some countries’ behavior. Finally, we find that unless players are myopic, heterogeneity of impacts commands a dif ...
P R I N C E T O N ... P R I N C E T O N ... Wagner_ClimateShock_FINAL.indd 3 12/30/14 8:32 AM
... there ever was one (even though strictly speaking we don’t even assume that property in our calculations; our tail is “heavy,” not quite “fat” in statistical terms). At 700 ppm, the median temperature increase would be 3.4°C (6.1°F). This alone would be a profound, earth- as-we-know-it-altering ...
... there ever was one (even though strictly speaking we don’t even assume that property in our calculations; our tail is “heavy,” not quite “fat” in statistical terms). At 700 ppm, the median temperature increase would be 3.4°C (6.1°F). This alone would be a profound, earth- as-we-know-it-altering ...
The Role Of Halocarbons In The Climate Change Of The
... gases at these levels. The fact that observed tropical temperatures have not warmed strongly suggests that other mechanisms may be countering this effect. In a climate model this warming of the tropopause layer is found to lead to a 6% smaller climate sensitivity for halocarbons on a globally averag ...
... gases at these levels. The fact that observed tropical temperatures have not warmed strongly suggests that other mechanisms may be countering this effect. In a climate model this warming of the tropopause layer is found to lead to a 6% smaller climate sensitivity for halocarbons on a globally averag ...
Climate Change Impacts and Vulnerability in the Eastern Himalayas
... ecosystems (IPCC 2007a). These include the prospect of more severe weather, longer droughts, higher temperatures (milder winters), heat waves, changes in local biodiversity, and reduced ground and surface water quantity and quality. These changes will impact on everything from the natural landscape ...
... ecosystems (IPCC 2007a). These include the prospect of more severe weather, longer droughts, higher temperatures (milder winters), heat waves, changes in local biodiversity, and reduced ground and surface water quantity and quality. These changes will impact on everything from the natural landscape ...
Vol.11, No.2, 2011
... 27 – 28 months). The simulated oscillation, however, is more regular than that observed, the period of almost every cycle locking on to exactly two years. The MIROC was then run with SSTs and CO2 values expected for the late 21st century (Figure 3b). The rise in SST was taken from a multimodel ensem ...
... 27 – 28 months). The simulated oscillation, however, is more regular than that observed, the period of almost every cycle locking on to exactly two years. The MIROC was then run with SSTs and CO2 values expected for the late 21st century (Figure 3b). The rise in SST was taken from a multimodel ensem ...
- Wiley Online Library
... determining the vegetation distribution in the region. The parameter-based uncertainties contribute most to the total uncertainty. The current warming conditions lead to a complexity of vegetation responses in the region. Temperate trees will be more sensitive to climate variability, compared with b ...
... determining the vegetation distribution in the region. The parameter-based uncertainties contribute most to the total uncertainty. The current warming conditions lead to a complexity of vegetation responses in the region. Temperate trees will be more sensitive to climate variability, compared with b ...
Climate change in Australia | Rangelands cluster report
... periods: the near future 2020–2039 (herein referred to as 2030) and late in the century 2080–2099 (herein referred to as 2090). The spread of model results are presented as the range between the 10th and 90th percentile in the CMIP5 ensemble output. For each time period, the model spread can be attr ...
... periods: the near future 2020–2039 (herein referred to as 2030) and late in the century 2080–2099 (herein referred to as 2090). The spread of model results are presented as the range between the 10th and 90th percentile in the CMIP5 ensemble output. For each time period, the model spread can be attr ...
Rapporteurs Report - Jabatan Meteorologi Malaysia
... preparedness in Malaysia. Actions taken include amendments to existing laws and acts, public awareness and education, establishment of forecasting and early warning systems, construction of mitigation structures, establishment of a national disaster relief fund and development of standard operating ...
... preparedness in Malaysia. Actions taken include amendments to existing laws and acts, public awareness and education, establishment of forecasting and early warning systems, construction of mitigation structures, establishment of a national disaster relief fund and development of standard operating ...
The economic impact of climate change
... Table 1 shows selected characteristics of the published estimates. Figure 1 displays these estimates against the global mean temperature. A few insights emerge. First, the welfare impact of a doubling of the atmospheric concentration on the current economy is relatively small. Although the estimate ...
... Table 1 shows selected characteristics of the published estimates. Figure 1 displays these estimates against the global mean temperature. A few insights emerge. First, the welfare impact of a doubling of the atmospheric concentration on the current economy is relatively small. Although the estimate ...
Lead time = 3
... - large single signal Other tropical ocean SST - difficult Remote tropical atmospheric teleconnections Climate change - largest for temperature Local land surface conditions - soil moisture, snow Atmospheric composition - difficult Volcanic eruptions - important for large events Mid-latitude ocean t ...
... - large single signal Other tropical ocean SST - difficult Remote tropical atmospheric teleconnections Climate change - largest for temperature Local land surface conditions - soil moisture, snow Atmospheric composition - difficult Volcanic eruptions - important for large events Mid-latitude ocean t ...
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... to changing climate, overturning direct climatic effects within 5 years. We manipulated the seasonality and intensity of rainfall over large, replicate plots in accordance with projections of leading climate models and examined responses across several trophic levels. Changes in seasonal water avail ...
... to changing climate, overturning direct climatic effects within 5 years. We manipulated the seasonality and intensity of rainfall over large, replicate plots in accordance with projections of leading climate models and examined responses across several trophic levels. Changes in seasonal water avail ...
a system with dangerous thresholds?
... periments, including the causes for differences or apparent contradictions between models. Many early model studies were performed with ocean-only models with nearly fixed sea surface temperature (SST), neglecting the feedback of the ocean circulation on SST. This distorts the parabola in Figure 2 i ...
... periments, including the causes for differences or apparent contradictions between models. Many early model studies were performed with ocean-only models with nearly fixed sea surface temperature (SST), neglecting the feedback of the ocean circulation on SST. This distorts the parabola in Figure 2 i ...
Scale-dependent regional climate predictability over North America
... Through the analysis of ensembles of coupled model simulations and projections collected from CMIP3 and CMIP5, we demonstrate that a fundamental spatial scale limit might exist below which useful additional refinement of climate model predictions and projections may not be possible. That limit varie ...
... Through the analysis of ensembles of coupled model simulations and projections collected from CMIP3 and CMIP5, we demonstrate that a fundamental spatial scale limit might exist below which useful additional refinement of climate model predictions and projections may not be possible. That limit varie ...
Why Hasn`t Earth Warmed as Much as Expected?
... are substantial. The IPCC report (Solomon et al. 2007, chapter 6) gives the total forcing between the present and the LGM as ‘‘approximately 28 W m22’’ with no uncertainty range specified but with the level of scientific understanding ascribed to the main non-GHG forcings, which arise from changes i ...
... are substantial. The IPCC report (Solomon et al. 2007, chapter 6) gives the total forcing between the present and the LGM as ‘‘approximately 28 W m22’’ with no uncertainty range specified but with the level of scientific understanding ascribed to the main non-GHG forcings, which arise from changes i ...
Indigenous Australians` knowledge of weather and climate
... 2.2 Alternative sources for knowledge of past weather and climate Despite all these apparent difficulties, there are precedents for recognising the value of local knowledge of environmental change. Documentation of recurring natural phenomena, such as the dates of first occurrence of natural events ...
... 2.2 Alternative sources for knowledge of past weather and climate Despite all these apparent difficulties, there are precedents for recognising the value of local knowledge of environmental change. Documentation of recurring natural phenomena, such as the dates of first occurrence of natural events ...
Resistance to change: A social psychological
... and the group as a whole is subjected to argumentation. If persuasion takes place in this social context, the new attitudes should be frozen in place and solidified by the same social relationships. During World War II, the US government sought Lewin’s assistance in helping people to change their ea ...
... and the group as a whole is subjected to argumentation. If persuasion takes place in this social context, the new attitudes should be frozen in place and solidified by the same social relationships. During World War II, the US government sought Lewin’s assistance in helping people to change their ea ...
Current and Projected Climate Change Impacts for the Colorado
... Using national weather data from 1950-2010, this study found a national decline in the annual number of days with snow cover. Regionally, the study identified trends in later snow-cover onset in the western United States but earlier snow-cover onset in the eastern United States. When combined with a ...
... Using national weather data from 1950-2010, this study found a national decline in the annual number of days with snow cover. Regionally, the study identified trends in later snow-cover onset in the western United States but earlier snow-cover onset in the eastern United States. When combined with a ...
Climate change impacts on terrestrial ecosystems in metropolitan
... and wetlands to farms, cities, and suburbs), species introductions (intentional and accidental), and fire suppression in native prairies and savanna. For instance, in Illinois, the total number of vascular plant taxa recorded is 3208, of which 899 (23%) have been introduced (Iverson et al., 1997). Ch ...
... and wetlands to farms, cities, and suburbs), species introductions (intentional and accidental), and fire suppression in native prairies and savanna. For instance, in Illinois, the total number of vascular plant taxa recorded is 3208, of which 899 (23%) have been introduced (Iverson et al., 1997). Ch ...
Effects of global warming
The effects of global warming are the environmental and social changes caused (directly or indirectly) by human emissions of greenhouse gases. There is a scientific consensus that climate change is occurring, and that human activities are the primary driver. Many impacts of climate change have already been observed, including glacier retreat, changes in the timing of seasonal events (e.g., earlier flowering of plants), and changes in agricultural productivity.Future effects of climate change will vary depending on climate change policies and social development. The two main policies to address climate change are reducing human greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and adapting to the impacts of climate change. Geoengineering is another policy option.Near-term climate change policies could significantly affect long-term climate change impacts. Stringent mitigation policies might be able to limit global warming (in 2100) to around 2 °C or below, relative to pre-industrial levels. Without mitigation, increased energy demand and extensive use of fossil fuels might lead to global warming of around 4 °C. Higher magnitudes of global warming would be more difficult to adapt to, and would increase the risk of negative impacts.