Arctic and Alpine Permafrost
... • There is some evidence that permafrost has been retreating during the past decades: Syslov (1961) reports that the permafrost extent at Mezen (Russia) has retreated northward at an average rate of 400 m per year since 1837, whereas similar findings have been reported for the Mackenzie Valley of C ...
... • There is some evidence that permafrost has been retreating during the past decades: Syslov (1961) reports that the permafrost extent at Mezen (Russia) has retreated northward at an average rate of 400 m per year since 1837, whereas similar findings have been reported for the Mackenzie Valley of C ...
Lea - Harvard University
... The key scientific uncertainty in the global warming debate is the equilibrium climate sensitivity. Coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation models predict a wide range of equilibrium climate sensitivities, with a consequently large spread of societal implications. Comparison of models with inst ...
... The key scientific uncertainty in the global warming debate is the equilibrium climate sensitivity. Coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation models predict a wide range of equilibrium climate sensitivities, with a consequently large spread of societal implications. Comparison of models with inst ...
Fairness on the Day after Tomorrow: Justice, Reciprocity and Global
... interesting, and diffused, form of indirect reciprocity concerns the disposition to respect norms of fairness or dealings with social institutions that provide benefits to all (Arneson, 1997, p. 340). Although justice as fair reciprocity has been criticised for neglecting the ethical importance of ‘ ...
... interesting, and diffused, form of indirect reciprocity concerns the disposition to respect norms of fairness or dealings with social institutions that provide benefits to all (Arneson, 1997, p. 340). Although justice as fair reciprocity has been criticised for neglecting the ethical importance of ‘ ...
Adaptation measures for floods, storm surges, and sea level rise
... 3. A system’s capacity to adapt to new conditions. In order to better prepare to face climate change, the most vulnerable characteristics of a system are usually the first to be studied. According to Warren and Egginton (2008), “adaptive capacity is defined as the ‘potential, capability or ability o ...
... 3. A system’s capacity to adapt to new conditions. In order to better prepare to face climate change, the most vulnerable characteristics of a system are usually the first to be studied. According to Warren and Egginton (2008), “adaptive capacity is defined as the ‘potential, capability or ability o ...
ENDI Warming File - 4 wk
... author of the book "Why Did They Do That? An Introduction to Forensic Decision Analysis." One prominent skeptic said that to find the cooling trend, the 30 years of satellite temperatures must be used. The satellite data tends to be cooler than the ground data. And key is making sure 1998 is part of ...
... author of the book "Why Did They Do That? An Introduction to Forensic Decision Analysis." One prominent skeptic said that to find the cooling trend, the 30 years of satellite temperatures must be used. The satellite data tends to be cooler than the ground data. And key is making sure 1998 is part of ...
Climate in the Pacific: a regional summary of new science and
... Small island developing states in the tropical Pacific are increasingly vulnerable to the impacts of climate variability, extremes and change, including loss and damage to infrastructure and natural assets from climaterelated natural disasters and associated threats to health and wellbeing of the po ...
... Small island developing states in the tropical Pacific are increasingly vulnerable to the impacts of climate variability, extremes and change, including loss and damage to infrastructure and natural assets from climaterelated natural disasters and associated threats to health and wellbeing of the po ...
Climate Change - EPA
... 2.1 Climate change and the greenhouse effect Over the last century Australia, along with the rest of the world, has experienced an average warming of about 0.9°C. It is now more than 90% certain that observed increases in global temperature are caused by greenhouse gas emissions. The projected effec ...
... 2.1 Climate change and the greenhouse effect Over the last century Australia, along with the rest of the world, has experienced an average warming of about 0.9°C. It is now more than 90% certain that observed increases in global temperature are caused by greenhouse gas emissions. The projected effec ...
`Future` climate and impacts - Climatic Research Unit
... (Giannakopoulos et al., 2009). It showed that mean air temperature exhibits a tendency towards warmer years, with significantly warmer summer maximum temperatures of about 1.8 °C since the late 19th century. The number of hot days/nights shows a ‘virtually certain’ increasing trend, especially in th ...
... (Giannakopoulos et al., 2009). It showed that mean air temperature exhibits a tendency towards warmer years, with significantly warmer summer maximum temperatures of about 1.8 °C since the late 19th century. The number of hot days/nights shows a ‘virtually certain’ increasing trend, especially in th ...
The Social Cost of Carbon
... Approach to weighting impacts in different regions (equity weighting). Most impacts in the medium term occur in developing countries, and so the decision on whether to use compensation values or instead adjust estimates using a form or distributional or equity weighting has a significantly bearing o ...
... Approach to weighting impacts in different regions (equity weighting). Most impacts in the medium term occur in developing countries, and so the decision on whether to use compensation values or instead adjust estimates using a form or distributional or equity weighting has a significantly bearing o ...
open access
... Much is already known about how California’s climate is changing (CNRA 2009, Franco et al. 2011). Temperatures are increasing, precipitation patterns are shifting, the sea level is rising, and stream flows are becoming more variable (CNRA 2009). Projections show that these changes will persist or in ...
... Much is already known about how California’s climate is changing (CNRA 2009, Franco et al. 2011). Temperatures are increasing, precipitation patterns are shifting, the sea level is rising, and stream flows are becoming more variable (CNRA 2009). Projections show that these changes will persist or in ...
Mega-Stress for Mega-Cities
... food production, infrastructure, water availability and ecosystems. The evidence of climate change in Asia is widespread: overall temperatures have risen from 1°C to 3°C over the last 100 years, precipitation patterns have changed, the number of extreme weather events is increasing, and sea levels a ...
... food production, infrastructure, water availability and ecosystems. The evidence of climate change in Asia is widespread: overall temperatures have risen from 1°C to 3°C over the last 100 years, precipitation patterns have changed, the number of extreme weather events is increasing, and sea levels a ...
Overlooked Science Issues in Climate Change
... mechanisms, together with the typical geographical extent (spatial scale) of the forcing and the assessed level of scientific understanding (LOSU). The net anthropogenic radiative forcing and its range are also shown. These require summing asymmetric uncertainty estimates from the component terms, a ...
... mechanisms, together with the typical geographical extent (spatial scale) of the forcing and the assessed level of scientific understanding (LOSU). The net anthropogenic radiative forcing and its range are also shown. These require summing asymmetric uncertainty estimates from the component terms, a ...
Climate impacts on flood and coastal erosion infrastructure
... infrastructure than changes in mean flows. This is because changes in the morphology of the catchment is most responsive to individual storm events and any associated increased erosion (including scour around bridges, embankments, bends, etc.) or accretion (leading to loss of channel section or bloc ...
... infrastructure than changes in mean flows. This is because changes in the morphology of the catchment is most responsive to individual storm events and any associated increased erosion (including scour around bridges, embankments, bends, etc.) or accretion (leading to loss of channel section or bloc ...
Target Atmospheric CO2: Where Should Humanity Aim?
... regional ice sheet properties occur as part of the Earth orbital climate forcing (see Appendix). This equilibrium sensitivity of 6°C for doubled CO2 is valid for specified GHG amount, as in studies that employ emission scenarios and coupled carbon cycle/climate models to determine GHG amount. If GHG ...
... regional ice sheet properties occur as part of the Earth orbital climate forcing (see Appendix). This equilibrium sensitivity of 6°C for doubled CO2 is valid for specified GHG amount, as in studies that employ emission scenarios and coupled carbon cycle/climate models to determine GHG amount. If GHG ...
PDF
... annual average precipitation will increase by 5 to 7 percent and the annual mean temperature will rise within a range of 2.3 to 3.3 degree Celsius in China (The Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, 2007). The economic cost of the expected climatic change and climate ...
... annual average precipitation will increase by 5 to 7 percent and the annual mean temperature will rise within a range of 2.3 to 3.3 degree Celsius in China (The Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, 2007). The economic cost of the expected climatic change and climate ...
Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in water hazard assessments using regional
... be used as the benchmark (control) with which dynamic downscaling would have to improve on. An excellent example of this type of testing is given in the paper Landsea, C.W., Knaff, J.A., 2000: “How much skill was there in forecasting the very strong 1997-98 El Niño?” Bulletin of the American Meteoro ...
... be used as the benchmark (control) with which dynamic downscaling would have to improve on. An excellent example of this type of testing is given in the paper Landsea, C.W., Knaff, J.A., 2000: “How much skill was there in forecasting the very strong 1997-98 El Niño?” Bulletin of the American Meteoro ...
Chapter 10 Liability
... Where there is no direct link between claimant and defendant, but the case rests on the alleged effect of emissions released by the defendant on the general atmospheric system, potential plaintiffs have to overcome significant obstacles if they are to prove causation. The Third Assessment Report fro ...
... Where there is no direct link between claimant and defendant, but the case rests on the alleged effect of emissions released by the defendant on the general atmospheric system, potential plaintiffs have to overcome significant obstacles if they are to prove causation. The Third Assessment Report fro ...
PDF
... the farm or area of cropland. Impossible values were judged to be missing. It is not clear what the sources of these errors were. They may reflect field errors due to a misunderstanding of the question or the units of measurement, or they may be intentionally incorrect answers. Other surveys did not ...
... the farm or area of cropland. Impossible values were judged to be missing. It is not clear what the sources of these errors were. They may reflect field errors due to a misunderstanding of the question or the units of measurement, or they may be intentionally incorrect answers. Other surveys did not ...
Chapter 4 Climate change and its implications for catastrophe
... History of catastrophe models and recent developments Catastrophe modelling originated from spatial modelling in the 1970s. Insurance companies developed so-called “deterministic loss models” to determine the losses associated with particular events, e.g. to test worst-case scenarios for a portfolio ...
... History of catastrophe models and recent developments Catastrophe modelling originated from spatial modelling in the 1970s. Insurance companies developed so-called “deterministic loss models” to determine the losses associated with particular events, e.g. to test worst-case scenarios for a portfolio ...
Footprints of climate change on Mediterranean Sea biota
... to use a homogenized temperature diagnostic, we have used the sea surface temperature (SST) at each specific location where an impact has been reported. In particular, we have computed the 99th percentile of the year of the impact (SSTp99 ) at the location where the impact has been reported [thus SS ...
... to use a homogenized temperature diagnostic, we have used the sea surface temperature (SST) at each specific location where an impact has been reported. In particular, we have computed the 99th percentile of the year of the impact (SSTp99 ) at the location where the impact has been reported [thus SS ...
PDF
... developing countries. A large fraction of the world’s food is grown as rainfed annual crops in the tropics, where the change in climate plays an important role in determining productivity. Droughts, floods, tropical cyclones, heavy precipitation events, hot extremes, and heat waves are known to nega ...
... developing countries. A large fraction of the world’s food is grown as rainfed annual crops in the tropics, where the change in climate plays an important role in determining productivity. Droughts, floods, tropical cyclones, heavy precipitation events, hot extremes, and heat waves are known to nega ...
Sea-level rise impacts on transport infrastructure: the notorious case
... which the line will be disrupted during the remainder of the 21st century and consider the potential costs of these disruptions to both the railway industry and the region more broadly. A conclusion discussing the wider implications of both our findings and our methodology brings the paper to a close ...
... which the line will be disrupted during the remainder of the 21st century and consider the potential costs of these disruptions to both the railway industry and the region more broadly. A conclusion discussing the wider implications of both our findings and our methodology brings the paper to a close ...
Impacts of climate change at high latitudes on terrestrial plants and
... Unfortunately, predictions of changes in precipitation are less reliable, although there is a generalisation that a warmer world will be a wetter world. At high latitudes, winter temperatures are predicted to increase more than summer temperatures and this may lead to an increase in snow fall, (Warr ...
... Unfortunately, predictions of changes in precipitation are less reliable, although there is a generalisation that a warmer world will be a wetter world. At high latitudes, winter temperatures are predicted to increase more than summer temperatures and this may lead to an increase in snow fall, (Warr ...
Redalyc.Climate Change and the Caribbean: Review and Response
... Global and regional Climate Change The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) suggests that as the world warms there should be seven increasing indicators—sea surface temperatures, temperatures over the sea, temperatures over the land, oceanic heat content, atmospheric humidity, sea ...
... Global and regional Climate Change The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) suggests that as the world warms there should be seven increasing indicators—sea surface temperatures, temperatures over the sea, temperatures over the land, oceanic heat content, atmospheric humidity, sea ...
USA–NPN Attributed Publications - USA National Phenology Network
... management in the U.S. . International Journal of Biometeorology (2013). Euskirchen, E. S., Carman, T. B. & McGuire, A. D. Changes in the structure and function of northern Alaskan ecosystems when considering variable leaf-out times across groupings of species in a dynamic vegetation model. Global C ...
... management in the U.S. . International Journal of Biometeorology (2013). Euskirchen, E. S., Carman, T. B. & McGuire, A. D. Changes in the structure and function of northern Alaskan ecosystems when considering variable leaf-out times across groupings of species in a dynamic vegetation model. Global C ...
Effects of global warming
The effects of global warming are the environmental and social changes caused (directly or indirectly) by human emissions of greenhouse gases. There is a scientific consensus that climate change is occurring, and that human activities are the primary driver. Many impacts of climate change have already been observed, including glacier retreat, changes in the timing of seasonal events (e.g., earlier flowering of plants), and changes in agricultural productivity.Future effects of climate change will vary depending on climate change policies and social development. The two main policies to address climate change are reducing human greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and adapting to the impacts of climate change. Geoengineering is another policy option.Near-term climate change policies could significantly affect long-term climate change impacts. Stringent mitigation policies might be able to limit global warming (in 2100) to around 2 °C or below, relative to pre-industrial levels. Without mitigation, increased energy demand and extensive use of fossil fuels might lead to global warming of around 4 °C. Higher magnitudes of global warming would be more difficult to adapt to, and would increase the risk of negative impacts.