The equilibrium sensitivity of Earth`s temperature to radiation changes.
... Many recent estimates of the equilibrium climate sensitivity are based on climate change that has been observed over the instrumental period (that is, about the past 150 years). Wigley et al.38 pointed out that uncertainties in forcing and response made it impossible to use observed global temperatu ...
... Many recent estimates of the equilibrium climate sensitivity are based on climate change that has been observed over the instrumental period (that is, about the past 150 years). Wigley et al.38 pointed out that uncertainties in forcing and response made it impossible to use observed global temperatu ...
Responses to Changing Atmosphere and Climate
... Predicted Changes in Fire Regime Wildfires have helped to shape California’s ecosystems over evolutionary time and are important in many ecosystems today for species regeneration. Fire occurs at somewhat regular return intervals, determining the type and structure of the vegetation, with consequences ...
... Predicted Changes in Fire Regime Wildfires have helped to shape California’s ecosystems over evolutionary time and are important in many ecosystems today for species regeneration. Fire occurs at somewhat regular return intervals, determining the type and structure of the vegetation, with consequences ...
Global Change and Air Quality, In: Technical challenges of multipollutant air quality management,
... et al. 2008). Significant increases of ozone in the northeastern United States are found in all models, but beyond this there are large regional differences between models (Jacob and Winner 2009). For example, Racherla and Adams (2006) and Tao et al. (2007) find a maximum effect in the Southeast, w ...
... et al. 2008). Significant increases of ozone in the northeastern United States are found in all models, but beyond this there are large regional differences between models (Jacob and Winner 2009). For example, Racherla and Adams (2006) and Tao et al. (2007) find a maximum effect in the Southeast, w ...
Impacts of future climate change on soil frost in the midwestern
... 1. Introduction [2] At global and regional scales, long‐term changes in climate have been observed. In 2005, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) reported a sharp increase in global average air temperatures, at a rate of 0.18°C per decade since 1976, with most of the warming attributed to the ...
... 1. Introduction [2] At global and regional scales, long‐term changes in climate have been observed. In 2005, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) reported a sharp increase in global average air temperatures, at a rate of 0.18°C per decade since 1976, with most of the warming attributed to the ...
Assessing ``Dangerous Climate Change
... which is continuing to accelerate [23–25]. Mountain glaciers are receding rapidly all around the world [26–29] with effects on seasonal freshwater availability of major rivers [30–32]. The hot dry subtropical climate belts have expanded as the troposphere has warmed and the stratosphere cooled [33–3 ...
... which is continuing to accelerate [23–25]. Mountain glaciers are receding rapidly all around the world [26–29] with effects on seasonal freshwater availability of major rivers [30–32]. The hot dry subtropical climate belts have expanded as the troposphere has warmed and the stratosphere cooled [33–3 ...
Humanitarian Implications of Climate Change
... The Earth is warming. Evidence includes a well-documented increase in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising sea levels.7 This is triggering a shift in seasons, changes in when/how much rain falls in different parts of the world, and changes in extr ...
... The Earth is warming. Evidence includes a well-documented increase in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising sea levels.7 This is triggering a shift in seasons, changes in when/how much rain falls in different parts of the world, and changes in extr ...
ece11 Funke 16512079 en
... information on the uncertain future; and (iii) climate policies are at least partially irreversible. These characteristics are encapsulated in the concept of real option models.3 This strand of literature now constitutes a significant branch of the climate economics literature. A limited, but growin ...
... information on the uncertain future; and (iii) climate policies are at least partially irreversible. These characteristics are encapsulated in the concept of real option models.3 This strand of literature now constitutes a significant branch of the climate economics literature. A limited, but growin ...
Quantifying the impacts of land surface schemes and dynamic
... budgets over land surface are important steps toward improving our confidence in climate change projections. In this study, the contribution of land surface models to the inter-GCM variation of projected future changes in land surface energy and water fluxes are assessed based on output from 19 global ...
... budgets over land surface are important steps toward improving our confidence in climate change projections. In this study, the contribution of land surface models to the inter-GCM variation of projected future changes in land surface energy and water fluxes are assessed based on output from 19 global ...
Wildlife in Hot Water - National Wildlife Federation
... River following the 2002 Hayman Fire in Colorado.23 With the already increasing severity of precipitation events, flooding scours streams, washes away habitat, and smothers eggs with sediment.24 ...
... River following the 2002 Hayman Fire in Colorado.23 With the already increasing severity of precipitation events, flooding scours streams, washes away habitat, and smothers eggs with sediment.24 ...
The Climate Public Expenditure and Institutional Review (CPEIR
... flows classified as official development assistance, which may well be addressing the development deficit and needs to cover climate variability. ...
... flows classified as official development assistance, which may well be addressing the development deficit and needs to cover climate variability. ...
Report on WCRP developments/response post Review
... •The aim of WCRP is to facilitate analysis and prediction of Earth’s climate system variability and change for use in an increasing range of practical applications of direct relevance, benefit and value to society. • The Open Science Conference will thus assemble the scientific community working to ...
... •The aim of WCRP is to facilitate analysis and prediction of Earth’s climate system variability and change for use in an increasing range of practical applications of direct relevance, benefit and value to society. • The Open Science Conference will thus assemble the scientific community working to ...
Evaluating the Use of Ocean Models of Different Complexity in
... Due to these uncertainties, there is no single best climate model or best set of key climate parameters for projecting climate change. A sensible approach is therefore to produce probability distributions for the changes in the most important climate variables. Such probabilistic approaches are als ...
... Due to these uncertainties, there is no single best climate model or best set of key climate parameters for projecting climate change. A sensible approach is therefore to produce probability distributions for the changes in the most important climate variables. Such probabilistic approaches are als ...
Ethical Anxieties About Geoengineering
... hollow for them to argue that they are pursuing Plan B even though they believe Plan A is superior. They have the power to implement, or not to block, Plan A and their reluctance or obstructiveness is the reason Plan B is being considered in the first place. To adopt Plan B they must convince others ...
... hollow for them to argue that they are pursuing Plan B even though they believe Plan A is superior. They have the power to implement, or not to block, Plan A and their reluctance or obstructiveness is the reason Plan B is being considered in the first place. To adopt Plan B they must convince others ...
3.3 Evidence of temperature changes in the study regions
... dependence on rain-fed cultivation. The amount and pattern of rainfall plays a key role in determining agricultural productivity (Haile 2005). Ghana has experienced considerable variations in temperature and rainfall patterns since the 1960s (EPA 2003). Whilst uncertainties remain on future estimat ...
... dependence on rain-fed cultivation. The amount and pattern of rainfall plays a key role in determining agricultural productivity (Haile 2005). Ghana has experienced considerable variations in temperature and rainfall patterns since the 1960s (EPA 2003). Whilst uncertainties remain on future estimat ...
Recent climate change in Japan
... 2007). Although the temperature increase is widespread over the globe, spatial and temporal characteristics of temperature trends can be found with highest values in northern latitudes; additionally, land regions have warmed faster than the oceans (IPCC, 2007). Therefore, climate change and its impa ...
... 2007). Although the temperature increase is widespread over the globe, spatial and temporal characteristics of temperature trends can be found with highest values in northern latitudes; additionally, land regions have warmed faster than the oceans (IPCC, 2007). Therefore, climate change and its impa ...
A values-based approach to vulnerability and adaptation to climate
... understandings of climate change. A values-based approach to climate change can be considered important for at least four reasons: climate change cannot be assessed or responded to in only one way; there may be value conflicts between different actors’ responses; future generations may judge based o ...
... understandings of climate change. A values-based approach to climate change can be considered important for at least four reasons: climate change cannot be assessed or responded to in only one way; there may be value conflicts between different actors’ responses; future generations may judge based o ...
External link to publication
... Figure 2. Coverage of research on the economic impacts of climate change ................................................. 10 Figure 3. Estimates of the global economic impact of climate change ........................................................... 11 Figure 4. Economic impacts of climate cha ...
... Figure 2. Coverage of research on the economic impacts of climate change ................................................. 10 Figure 3. Estimates of the global economic impact of climate change ........................................................... 11 Figure 4. Economic impacts of climate cha ...
Adaptation investments
... harm due as a result of climate change (Füssel 2007). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in its third Assessment Report (McCarthy et al. 2001) defines vulnerability as: The degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate, including climatic v ...
... harm due as a result of climate change (Füssel 2007). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in its third Assessment Report (McCarthy et al. 2001) defines vulnerability as: The degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate, including climatic v ...
The Influence of Climate Change on Winter Wheat during 2012
... By assuming constant winter wheat varieties and agricultural practices in China, the influence of climate change on winter wheat is simulated using the corrected future climate projections under SRES A2 and A1B scenarios from 2012 to 2100, respectively. The results indicate that the growth of winter ...
... By assuming constant winter wheat varieties and agricultural practices in China, the influence of climate change on winter wheat is simulated using the corrected future climate projections under SRES A2 and A1B scenarios from 2012 to 2100, respectively. The results indicate that the growth of winter ...
Humanists For Revolutionary Socialism
... insecure parameters of the blind market. Human beings are just commodities on the labor market and in the social scene. Behind the façade of the social commodity, everybody feels alone. The only way to escape this deep feeling of loneliness and separateness is by turning on the TV or the computer w ...
... insecure parameters of the blind market. Human beings are just commodities on the labor market and in the social scene. Behind the façade of the social commodity, everybody feels alone. The only way to escape this deep feeling of loneliness and separateness is by turning on the TV or the computer w ...
Expedition to the Alps to Learn About Snowpack
... the winter is released in the spring and summer when it melts, filling nearby streams. Streamflow from melting snowpack is a major source of water for many areas, including many parts of Europe and the western U.S. ...
... the winter is released in the spring and summer when it melts, filling nearby streams. Streamflow from melting snowpack is a major source of water for many areas, including many parts of Europe and the western U.S. ...
The effects of global change upon United States air quality
... various IPCC emissions scenarios (IPCC, 2007) projected to the 2050s. In some of the studies, the global climate realizations were subsequently downscaled to a higher resolution using the PSU (Pennsylvania State University)/NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research) Mesoscale Model version 5 (M ...
... various IPCC emissions scenarios (IPCC, 2007) projected to the 2050s. In some of the studies, the global climate realizations were subsequently downscaled to a higher resolution using the PSU (Pennsylvania State University)/NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research) Mesoscale Model version 5 (M ...
Risk of ruin paper - Institute and Faculty of Actuaries
... IPCC (2007) is a survey of existing literature – it deals with what is known and considered to be most likely to happen. For example sea level rises are projected to rise between 0.18 and 0.58m by 2099. IPCC (2007a) then goes on to say “Models used to date do not include uncertainties in climate-ca ...
... IPCC (2007) is a survey of existing literature – it deals with what is known and considered to be most likely to happen. For example sea level rises are projected to rise between 0.18 and 0.58m by 2099. IPCC (2007a) then goes on to say “Models used to date do not include uncertainties in climate-ca ...
Climate change impact on available water resources obtained using
... where the majority of the 24 GCM–GHM model combinations agree on the sign of change. This indicates that the projected runoff changes expressed by the multi-model mean are robust within the ensemble. The same applies for ET, except for relative changes in the central Amazon and the very dry regions ...
... where the majority of the 24 GCM–GHM model combinations agree on the sign of change. This indicates that the projected runoff changes expressed by the multi-model mean are robust within the ensemble. The same applies for ET, except for relative changes in the central Amazon and the very dry regions ...
Feeling the Heat - Development and Peace
... Climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing our world today. The people who are doing least to cause it are suffering the most. Those with the power to address it, including our leaders here in Canada, have so far failed us. Canadians have one of the highest carbon footprints in the worl ...
... Climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing our world today. The people who are doing least to cause it are suffering the most. Those with the power to address it, including our leaders here in Canada, have so far failed us. Canadians have one of the highest carbon footprints in the worl ...
Effects of global warming
The effects of global warming are the environmental and social changes caused (directly or indirectly) by human emissions of greenhouse gases. There is a scientific consensus that climate change is occurring, and that human activities are the primary driver. Many impacts of climate change have already been observed, including glacier retreat, changes in the timing of seasonal events (e.g., earlier flowering of plants), and changes in agricultural productivity.Future effects of climate change will vary depending on climate change policies and social development. The two main policies to address climate change are reducing human greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and adapting to the impacts of climate change. Geoengineering is another policy option.Near-term climate change policies could significantly affect long-term climate change impacts. Stringent mitigation policies might be able to limit global warming (in 2100) to around 2 °C or below, relative to pre-industrial levels. Without mitigation, increased energy demand and extensive use of fossil fuels might lead to global warming of around 4 °C. Higher magnitudes of global warming would be more difficult to adapt to, and would increase the risk of negative impacts.