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Chem 150 quiz #6
Chem 150 quiz #6

... 10. Will the coupled reaction using the two reactions below be spontaneous or nonspontaneous? ATP + H2O ----> ADP + Pi Glucose + Pi ----> Glucose-6-Pi + H2O a. spontaneous ...
Chapter 9
Chapter 9

... Alcohol fermentation by yeast is used in brewing, winemaking, and baking In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and ...
4.4.1 Respiration
4.4.1 Respiration

... and coenzyme A; 5. State that glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm; 6. Outline the process of glycolysis beginning with the phosphorylation of glucose to hexose bisphosphate, splitting of hexose bisphosphate into two triose phosphate molecules and further oxidation to pyruvate, producing a small ...
Fatty Acid Degradation Catabolism Overview TAG and FA
Fatty Acid Degradation Catabolism Overview TAG and FA

... • Odd chain fatty acids – Rare, but do occur in diet – One of 2 requirements for Vitamin B12 (cobalamine) in human diet ...
Chapter 5 : MAJOR METABOLIC PATHWAYS
Chapter 5 : MAJOR METABOLIC PATHWAYS

... oxidation of NADH and FADH2 by the four protein complexes of the electron transport chain (ETC). The ten NADH that enter the electron transport originate from each of the earlier processes of respiration: two from glycolysis, two from the transformation of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, and six from the ...
electron transport chain
electron transport chain

... • Unlike the explosive release of heat energy that would occur when H2 and O2 combine, cellular respiration uses an electron transport chain to break the transport of electrons to O2 into several ...
Camp 1
Camp 1

... Citric Acid Cycle Control of the cycle: • Controlled by three feedback mechanisms. • Citrate synthase: inhibited by ATP, NADH, and succinyl CoA; also product inhibition by citrate. • Isocitrate dehydrogenase: activated by ADP and NAD+, inhibited by ATP and NADH. • a-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase comp ...
Powering the Cell: Cellular Respiration
Powering the Cell: Cellular Respiration

... Scientists think that glycolysis evolved before the other stages of cellular respiration. This is because the other stages need oxygen, whereas glycolysis does not, and there was no oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere when life first evolved about 3.5 to 4 billion years ago. Cellular respiration that proce ...
ch24a_wcr
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... synthesize ATP. As H+ flows back across the membrane through ATP synthase, the synthase rotor spins, causing Pi to attach to ADP, forming ATP. ...
Electron transport chains in mitochondria
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... Most eukaryotic cells have mitochondria, which produce ATP from products of the citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and amino acid oxidation. At the mitochondrial inner membrane, electrons from NADH and succinate pass through the electron transport chain to oxygen, which is reduced to water. * ...
The mitochondrial respiratory chain
The mitochondrial respiratory chain

... a very compact 16569 bp genome which encodes 37 genes. These include genes for 22 tRNAs (transfer RNAs) and two rRNAs (ribosomal RNAs). Together with a range of nuclear-encoded factors, they provide the mitochondria with its own replication, translation and transcription system. This is governed by ...
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Cell Size and Shape

... breakdown of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water in order to generate energy. It is one of three metabolic pathways that are involved in fuel molecule catabolism and ATP production the other two being glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. ...
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12.3 The Citric Acid Cycle Oxidizes AcetylCoA

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1.-ATP-and-phosphorylation

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ch9 ppt outline
ch9 ppt outline

... In Cellular Respiration, cells turn C6H12O6 + O2 into CO2 + H20 molecules and produce energy in the form of _________ . ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate),is the main energy source for cell processes. Q4. GIVE A SPECIFIC EXAMPLE OF A CELLULAR PROCESS THAT USE ATP. TRANSFERING ENERGY -How is energy release ...
Ch.24Pt.5_000
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... Overall: fatty acid + ATP + HS-CoA  acyl-CoA + AMP + 2 Pi ...
The Aerobic Fate of Pyruvate
The Aerobic Fate of Pyruvate

... metabolism occurs. The 2 moles of NADH produced by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase are oxidized in the electron transport chain back to NAD+. The electron transport chain generates a proton gradient that drives the synthesis of 5 ATP molecules from ADP and Pi. Further more, the pyruvate for ...
Cell Metabolism - Cathkin High School
Cell Metabolism - Cathkin High School

... A. Slow twitch muscle fibres are good for long distance running because they have fewer mitochondria and greater blood supply than fast twitch muscle fibres. B. Slow twitch muscle fibres are good for long distance running because they have more mitochondria and lesser blood supply than fast twitch m ...
Slide 1
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... which is in the membrane. (Note that ascorbic acid is required for carnitine synthesis.) ...
Unit 04 Lecture Notes - Roderick Anatomy and Physiology
Unit 04 Lecture Notes - Roderick Anatomy and Physiology

... • I know what DNA is and why it is important to cells. • I know can explain how information is transmitted from parents to offspring. • I know all DNA in a cell is known as a person’s ...
cell respiration
cell respiration

... – ATP energy activates glucose and its six-carbon derivatives – Actually uses 2 ATP’s • Energy-releasing steps – The products of the first part are split into 2 three carbon pyruvate molecules – 4 ATP and 2NADH form – 4 ATP’s form – 2 ATP’s used = 2 net ATP’s made ...
Regeneration of NAD+ Lactic Acid Fermentation
Regeneration of NAD+ Lactic Acid Fermentation

... • Acetaldehyde is formed from pyruvate by decarboxylation. • Pyruvate decarboxylase has thiamine pyrophosphate as a prosthetic group. • Overall reaction becomes: Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi → 2 ethanol + 2 CO 2 + 2 ATP ...
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in a autism
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in a autism

... A 19-month-old girl was born after a normal full-term pregnancy. There was no family history of autism or affective, neuromuscular, or hearing disorders. Her development was progressing well, with normal receptive and expressive language and use of prelinguistic gestures, such as pointing for joint ...
Lipids
Lipids

... phosphate (DHAP), a glycolytic intermediate.  The free F.As produced are either reesterified to TAG in the adipose tissue or travel in the blood to be taken up by the cells for oxidation. ...
1 - u.arizona.edu
1 - u.arizona.edu

... (gluconeogenesis: pyruvate carboxylated  oxaloacetate via pyruvate carboxylase) - when pyruvate used for energy production or fatty acid biosynthesis  pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation to acetyl CoA via pyruvate dehydrogenase in mitochondrial matrix - pyruvate needs specific transporter ...
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Mitochondrion



The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. The word mitochondrion comes from the Greek μίτος, mitos, i.e. ""thread"", and χονδρίον, chondrion, i.e. ""granule"" or ""grain-like"".Mitochondria range from 0.5 to 1.0 μm in diameter. A considerable variation can be seen in the structure and size of this organelle. Unless specifically stained, they are not visible. These structures are described as ""the powerhouse of the cell"" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy. In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling, cellular differentiation, and cell death, as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth. Mitochondria have been implicated in several human diseases, including mitochondrial disorders, cardiac dysfunction, and heart failure. A recent University of California study including ten children diagnosed with severe autism suggests that autism may be correlated with mitochondrial defects as well.Several characteristics make mitochondria unique. The number of mitochondria in a cell can vary widely by organism, tissue, and cell type. For instance, red blood cells have no mitochondria, whereas liver cells can have more than 2000. The organelle is composed of compartments that carry out specialized functions. These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, the intermembrane space, the inner membrane, and the cristae and matrix. Mitochondrial proteins vary depending on the tissue and the species. In humans, 615 distinct types of protein have been identified from cardiac mitochondria, whereas in rats, 940 proteins have been reported. The mitochondrial proteome is thought to be dynamically regulated. Although most of a cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus, the mitochondrion has its own independent genome. Further, its DNA shows substantial similarity to bacterial genomes.
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