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quine`s argument from despair
quine`s argument from despair

... absolute foundations, it is quite another thing to reject the search for justification tout court and to claim that “[e]pistemology, or something like it, simply falls into place as a chapter of psychology and hence of natural science” (Quine 1969a, 82).4 Quine only shows that we cannot completely g ...
Irwin`s Routledge Encyclopedia article on Aristotle
Irwin`s Routledge Encyclopedia article on Aristotle

... explanatory scheme that Aristotle defends in his more theoretical reflections on the study of nature. These reflections (especially in the Physics and in Generation and Corruption) develop an account of nature, form, matter, cause and change that expresses Aristotle’s views about the understanding a ...
Heidegger`s Method: Philosophical Concepts as Formal Indications
Heidegger`s Method: Philosophical Concepts as Formal Indications

... Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entir ...
The Rise of History: Kant, Herder, and the End of the Enlightenment
The Rise of History: Kant, Herder, and the End of the Enlightenment

... for abstract philosophy must come from the physical world and sense impressions. The Enlightenment, while not possessing the historical scope of the nineteenth century, thought in a historical manner, taking all known phenomena into consideration. Cassirer offers Bayle and Montesquieu – thinkers sti ...
Ethical and Epistemic Egoism and the Ideal of Autonomy Linda
Ethical and Epistemic Egoism and the Ideal of Autonomy Linda

... type relies on no one else for any of her knowledge. Thus she takes no one else’s word for anything, but accepts only what she has found out for herself, relying only on her own cognitive faculties and investigative and inferential powers.” (Fricker, p. 225) Notice that what Fricker calls “epistemic ...
Updating Empiricist Mentalist Semantics
Updating Empiricist Mentalist Semantics

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The Problem of Nonexistence: Truthmaking or
The Problem of Nonexistence: Truthmaking or

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The New Organon
The New Organon

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What Does the Scientist of Man Observe?
What Does the Scientist of Man Observe?

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Articles Plato and Aristophanes: Poets of Hope
Articles Plato and Aristophanes: Poets of Hope

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Advaita Vedanta
Advaita Vedanta

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rethinkingdemandingness
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The Argument from Moral Experience
The Argument from Moral Experience

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A Conception of Philosophical Progress
A Conception of Philosophical Progress

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The Beautiful Soul and the Autocratic Agent: Schilleris
The Beautiful Soul and the Autocratic Agent: Schilleris

... Schiller explains that we can conceive of three different relations we can have with ourselves, three ways our rational and sensible natures can relate to one another. He claims that one of these relations in particular best suits us in the sensible world and that its expression constitutes the beau ...
Scotus_God_First_Principle_et_al
Scotus_God_First_Principle_et_al

... nature and essence can exist without the posterior, but the reverse is not true. And this I understand as follows. Even though the prior should produce the posterior necessarily and consequently could not exist without it, it would not be because the prior requires the posterior for its own existen ...
The Genesis of Shame
The Genesis of Shame

... and consequently elicits social censure, which can be echoed by selfcensure on the part of its object. But assessments of this kind would have been unknown in the pre-social conditions of Eden. Adam and Eve’s shame might still have reflected an observer’sassessment if they thought of themselves as b ...
Skeptical Hypotheses and Moral Skepticism
Skeptical Hypotheses and Moral Skepticism

... epistemic form of the view which denies us moral knowledge because we lack sufficient justification. Moreover, I shall focus on those moral skeptics who, like perceptual skeptics, argue for their position via skeptical scenarios, which appeal to the mere existence of certain hypotheses, without the ...
Aristotle and the Early Stoics on Moral Responsibility
Aristotle and the Early Stoics on Moral Responsibility

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Forthcoming in Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 1996. HOW TO
Forthcoming in Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 1996. HOW TO

... that between cognitive and non-cognitive discourse in general. In effect, the standard literature offers two possible answers to the question as to how this distinction is to be characterised. One view is that it is primarily a semantic distinction, to be defined in terms of possession of truth cond ...
Constructivism in Ethics and Metaethics
Constructivism in Ethics and Metaethics

... theory differs significantly from the sort of constructivism he attributes to Kant (to be examined in §2.1). Rawls advocates constructivism as a political conception, which is by design non-committal regarding ontological and metaphysical questions (Rawls 1993, 100; Rawls 1999, 395, 354) and does no ...
Quine on "Alternative Logics"
Quine on "Alternative Logics"

... assent to regardless of the current stimulation. In addition, there are correlations between speech dispositions t o assent to or dissent from some sentences and dispositions to assent to or dissent from other sentences constructed from the former by means of sentential connectives. Some of these co ...
Univocity and Analogy: A Comparative Study of Gilbert
Univocity and Analogy: A Comparative Study of Gilbert

... with the categorically separate realm of action in the external world. Ryle's alternative is to view this realm of thought as just another manifestation of action—not different in any substantive way from acts in the external world. As I will investigate later, this point is defended with Ryle's fam ...
Ethical Encounter - sikkim university library
Ethical Encounter - sikkim university library

... We need a much richer language than this to articulate the moral seriousness of rape. It will have to be a language rich enough to reveal sexual love as capable of bearing deep significance, since the seriousness of rape must surely be defined by its relation to that significance. There is deep ambi ...
Russell`s Neutral Monism
Russell`s Neutral Monism

... monism it is as a particular theory held by others, such as James or Perry, so that his eventual conversion to it may give the impression of being merely the acceptance of their views instead of the commencement of a long period in which he consolidated and developed those views. More serious, howev ...
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Rationalism

In epistemology, rationalism is the view that ""regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge"" or ""any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification"". More formally, rationalism is defined as a methodology or a theory ""in which the criterion of the truth is not sensory but intellectual and deductive"". Rationalists believe reality has an intrinsically logical structure. Because of this, rationalists argue that certain truths exist and that the intellect can directly grasp these truths. That is to say, rationalists assert that certain rational principles exist in logic, mathematics, ethics, and metaphysics that are so fundamentally true that denying them causes one to fall into contradiction. Rationalists have such a high confidence in reason that empirical proof and physical evidence are unnecessary to ascertain truth – in other words, ""there are significant ways in which our concepts and knowledge are gained independently of sense experience"". Because of this belief, empiricism is one of rationalism's greatest rivals.Different degrees of emphasis on this method or theory lead to a range of rationalist standpoints, from the moderate position ""that reason has precedence over other ways of acquiring knowledge"" to the more extreme position that reason is ""the unique path to knowledge"". Given a pre-modern understanding of reason, rationalism is identical to philosophy, the Socratic life of inquiry, or the zetetic (skeptical) clear interpretation of authority (open to the underlying or essential cause of things as they appear to our sense of certainty). In recent decades, Leo Strauss sought to revive ""Classical Political Rationalism"" as a discipline that understands the task of reasoning, not as foundational, but as maieutic. Rationalism should not be confused with rationality, nor with rationalization.In politics, Rationalism, since the Enlightenment, historically emphasized a ""politics of reason"" centered upon rational choice, utilitarianism, secularism, and irreligion – the latter aspect's antitheism later ameliorated by utilitarian adoption of pluralistic rationalist methods practicable regardless of religious or irreligious ideology.In this regard, the philosopher John Cottingham noted how rationalism, a methodology, became socially conflated with atheism, a worldview: In the past, particularly in the 17th and 18th centuries, the term 'rationalist' was often used to refer to free thinkers of an anti-clerical and anti-religious outlook, and for a time the word acquired a distinctly pejorative force (thus in 1670 Sanderson spoke disparagingly of 'a mere rationalist, that is to say in plain English an atheist of the late edition...'). The use of the label 'rationalist' to characterize a world outlook which has no place for the supernatural is becoming less popular today; terms like 'humanist' or 'materialist' seem largely to have taken its place. But the old usage still survives.
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