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The Metaphysics of John Dewey, Part II
The Metaphysics of John Dewey, Part II

... City of all places, that gave him a deep sense of safety and peace. But experiential mysticism was not enough to assuage Dewey’s feelings of isolation and estrangement, since he was, above all, an inveterate intellectual. What he craved was a philosophy that intellectually would bear out what he de ...
Kant`s Account of Moral Education
Kant`s Account of Moral Education

... The second problem is that the idea of education, as it is usually understood, implies the possibility of influencing someone else’s processes of learning. According to Kant’s view, however, the human self can only be seen as free if it is not influenced by empirical causes, that is, if it stands ou ...
Matthew Shen Goodman SOAN Senior Comprehensive Thesis
Matthew Shen Goodman SOAN Senior Comprehensive Thesis

... Practical Reason, and the Critique ofthe Power ofJudgment, dealt with the different mental faculties of man and their respective domains. The first concerned itself with objective theoretical cognition ofthe underlying structure of nature, cognition best practiced by the natural sciences (here inclu ...
CHANGES IN BOLZANO’S DEFINITION OF MATHEMATICS
CHANGES IN BOLZANO’S DEFINITION OF MATHEMATICS

... reverts to the traditional definition of mathematics because he wants to preserve a well-established, almost idiomatic expression, but at the same time he changes its meaning by giving a different explanation of the concept of quantity. The linguistic use, and the mathematical practice are maintaine ...
Our Concept of Time
Our Concept of Time

... McTaggart (1908) and Gödel (1949). ...
‘Boghossian’s Blind Reasoning’, Conditionalization, and Thick Concepts. A Functional Model Olga Ramírez
‘Boghossian’s Blind Reasoning’, Conditionalization, and Thick Concepts. A Functional Model Olga Ramírez

... one can understand a concept without actually being willing to infer according to the rules that the inferentialist sees the concept to be constituted by. He sees the inferentialist as being compelled to the claim that one cannot understand the concept without being ready to so infer. This is itself ...
Levels of Reasons and Causal Explanation
Levels of Reasons and Causal Explanation

... because light shone on it. Much more controversial is the claim that every explanation of why some event happened must say something about the causes of that event. Carl Hempel proposed a counterexample to this claim in 1965 (Hempel 1965, 352), and philosophers have been proposing them ever since. B ...
Analyzing Plato`s Arguments
Analyzing Plato`s Arguments

... dialogue speaks for Plato. Secondly, when a character in a dialogue advances a thesis, it is often unclear what the thesis is. And, finally, when a thesis is backed up by an argument, crucial premises are often missing. In this paper we wish to focus on this last obstacle and consider some of the is ...
The4 - Homestead
The4 - Homestead

... and its critical pressure this vision was brought under an increasing degree of philosophic awareness, and vice versa, with as a consequence a profound restructuralization of religious philosophy in this period of time. Along with such a radical revolution in thinking developed new forms of religiou ...
AN OBVIOUS-BASED ACCOUNT OF EPISTEMIC POSSIBILITY
AN OBVIOUS-BASED ACCOUNT OF EPISTEMIC POSSIBILITY

... certain to someone—the intelligent mathematician, for example. Here’s a similar example: Suppose ‘alpha’ is the proper name of the actual world. What’s the probability that alpha is the actual world? The probability is 0; there are an infinite number of possible worlds.14 However, it certainly is po ...
Moore, the Skeptic, and the Philosophical Context
Moore, the Skeptic, and the Philosophical Context

... G. E. Moore’s peculiar arguments against skepticism1 have never ceased to intrigue philosophers since they were first presented half a century ago. Although the arguments have been analyzed, criticized, or defended for many times now, there is still no agreement on how they should be understood.2 On ...
Norms, Selves, and Concepts
Norms, Selves, and Concepts

... of thinking about the relations between appearance and reality. Since the Greeks, the idea had been that, at least when things go well, the way things appear to us resembles the way they really are. Resemblance in this sense is a matter of sharing properties (or some more general sort of form), as a ...
Dharmakirti and Husserl on Negative Judgments
Dharmakirti and Husserl on Negative Judgments

... Naiyāyikas, his teacher Īśvarasena and his elder contemporary Kumārila. For our purpose, it is sufficient to summarize some of his key points on the basis of the thorough studies of Kellner (2001, 2003) and Watanabe (2002). First of all, he does not agree with the Naiyāyikas to reduce non-cognition ...
Nietzsche and God (Part II) - The Richmond Philosophy Pages
Nietzsche and God (Part II) - The Richmond Philosophy Pages

... might see its short edge and only two legs due to sitting on one side of the table. Now we are not able to claim that one way of seeing the table is correct – they are all different ways of properly seeing the table (epistemic relativism). Nevertheless, we would no doubt agree that there is a real t ...
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... But what is the content of the knowledge that makes us moral, that allows us to form our habits aright? The Essay opens with an extended argument that no part of it is innate (I.2-4; “Epistle to the Reader,” xvii). This argument was controversial in Locke’s day, because innate ideas were widely supp ...
Cornelius Castoriadis on Social Imaginary and Truth*
Cornelius Castoriadis on Social Imaginary and Truth*

... are the problems – concerning the question of truth – which this position entails? Given that, as we said, there has always been a fusion of the rational with the imaginary in the history of human societies, it is obvious that there is no point in trying to strictly separate the one from the other ( ...
Recent Criticism of Natural Law Theory
Recent Criticism of Natural Law Theory

... determined universe. He asserts flatly that "[t]he question that Thomas Aquinas and others answered was, 'How can human beings be part of the natural order and still be free and morally responsible?' "5 This is a problem, Weinreb supposes, because [f]ull moral responsibility seems to require that an ...
Ph 205 Historical Introduction to Philosophy
Ph 205 Historical Introduction to Philosophy

... the beholder or is there an objective standard? Aquinas & Existence of God: Should nonCatholic sources of knowledge be used in theology? ...
Two Conceptions of Human Dignity
Two Conceptions of Human Dignity

... as it can coexist with the freedom of every other in accordance with a universal law, is the only original right belonging to every man by virtue of his humanity. – This principle of innate freedom already involves the following authorizations, which are not really distinct from it (as if they were ...
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... www.open-mind.net ...
Introspecting in the Twentieth Century
Introspecting in the Twentieth Century

... of investigation and as a psychological and epistemic capacity itself. Over the course of the century, these theoretical interests did not always connect well, although they have intersected and influenced each other at different points. But there is no helpful sense in which one might talk of ‘the ...
The Four-Color Theorem and its Philosophical Significance
The Four-Color Theorem and its Philosophical Significance

... an account of the role of computers in mathematics. Even the most natural account leads to serious philosophical problems. According to that account, such use of computers in mathematics, as in the 4CT, introduces empirical experiments into mathematics. Whether or not we choose to regard the 4CT as ...
A Modern Worldview from Plato`s Cave
A Modern Worldview from Plato`s Cave

... as Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Taoism, were created from this same desire to explain our presence in this world. ...
A DEFENCE OF COMMON SENSE
A DEFENCE OF COMMON SENSE

... each case, the time at which he knew it), just what the corresponding proposition in (1) asserts with regard to me or my body and the time at which I wrote that proposition down. In other words what (2) asserts is only (what seems an obvious enough truism) that each of us (meaning by 'us', very many ...
Justification by Imagination
Justification by Imagination

... for example, is a product of Lewis Carroll’s creative process that presumably crucially involved acts of imagination. But why should we believe that imagination does not also serve an epistemic role? Is the traditional view of imagination a mere tradition, or is there a line of thought supporting th ...
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Rationalism

In epistemology, rationalism is the view that ""regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge"" or ""any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification"". More formally, rationalism is defined as a methodology or a theory ""in which the criterion of the truth is not sensory but intellectual and deductive"". Rationalists believe reality has an intrinsically logical structure. Because of this, rationalists argue that certain truths exist and that the intellect can directly grasp these truths. That is to say, rationalists assert that certain rational principles exist in logic, mathematics, ethics, and metaphysics that are so fundamentally true that denying them causes one to fall into contradiction. Rationalists have such a high confidence in reason that empirical proof and physical evidence are unnecessary to ascertain truth – in other words, ""there are significant ways in which our concepts and knowledge are gained independently of sense experience"". Because of this belief, empiricism is one of rationalism's greatest rivals.Different degrees of emphasis on this method or theory lead to a range of rationalist standpoints, from the moderate position ""that reason has precedence over other ways of acquiring knowledge"" to the more extreme position that reason is ""the unique path to knowledge"". Given a pre-modern understanding of reason, rationalism is identical to philosophy, the Socratic life of inquiry, or the zetetic (skeptical) clear interpretation of authority (open to the underlying or essential cause of things as they appear to our sense of certainty). In recent decades, Leo Strauss sought to revive ""Classical Political Rationalism"" as a discipline that understands the task of reasoning, not as foundational, but as maieutic. Rationalism should not be confused with rationality, nor with rationalization.In politics, Rationalism, since the Enlightenment, historically emphasized a ""politics of reason"" centered upon rational choice, utilitarianism, secularism, and irreligion – the latter aspect's antitheism later ameliorated by utilitarian adoption of pluralistic rationalist methods practicable regardless of religious or irreligious ideology.In this regard, the philosopher John Cottingham noted how rationalism, a methodology, became socially conflated with atheism, a worldview: In the past, particularly in the 17th and 18th centuries, the term 'rationalist' was often used to refer to free thinkers of an anti-clerical and anti-religious outlook, and for a time the word acquired a distinctly pejorative force (thus in 1670 Sanderson spoke disparagingly of 'a mere rationalist, that is to say in plain English an atheist of the late edition...'). The use of the label 'rationalist' to characterize a world outlook which has no place for the supernatural is becoming less popular today; terms like 'humanist' or 'materialist' seem largely to have taken its place. But the old usage still survives.
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