`Dynamic Differentiation`: The Principles of CBDR
... effective climate action and for fair effort sharing among parties based on differentiation. This article provides an overview of the negotiation history of differentiation and analyzes the ‘dynamic differentiation’ as built into the architecture of the Agreement. While being set against the normati ...
... effective climate action and for fair effort sharing among parties based on differentiation. This article provides an overview of the negotiation history of differentiation and analyzes the ‘dynamic differentiation’ as built into the architecture of the Agreement. While being set against the normati ...
Full English report
... low in the priority list of national decision-makers. The analysis in this book has focused on Egypt’s Nile water resources and coastal zones, which were identified as two of the most vulnerable sectors to climate change. The most significant finding was that most of climate models project decreased ...
... low in the priority list of national decision-makers. The analysis in this book has focused on Egypt’s Nile water resources and coastal zones, which were identified as two of the most vulnerable sectors to climate change. The most significant finding was that most of climate models project decreased ...
Publisher version
... Since the operating definition of NAMAs is quite broad, institutions should respond to country realities and political cultures. This publication presents some approximations on how integrated institutional arrangements can be made so that they are supportive of both national development priorities ...
... Since the operating definition of NAMAs is quite broad, institutions should respond to country realities and political cultures. This publication presents some approximations on how integrated institutional arrangements can be made so that they are supportive of both national development priorities ...
Predicting how adaptation to climate change could affect ecological
... chemical properties at multiple depths, management practices (e.g., planting density, fertilization ...
... chemical properties at multiple depths, management practices (e.g., planting density, fertilization ...
File - America`s Salmon Forest
... methodology that nests GCMs into regional climate models (RCM) to simulate climate changes for their assessment of freshwater ecosystems of the Rocky Mountain region. In all scenarios commonly used in GCMs, increasing concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere result in increased atmospheric temperatur ...
... methodology that nests GCMs into regional climate models (RCM) to simulate climate changes for their assessment of freshwater ecosystems of the Rocky Mountain region. In all scenarios commonly used in GCMs, increasing concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere result in increased atmospheric temperatur ...
Climate Change and Food Security FAO Framework
... Mean global temperatures have been increasing since about 1850, mainly owing to the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The main causes are the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) to meet increasing energy demand, and the spread of intensive agriculture to meet increasing foo ...
... Mean global temperatures have been increasing since about 1850, mainly owing to the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The main causes are the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) to meet increasing energy demand, and the spread of intensive agriculture to meet increasing foo ...
Climate Change and Food Security
... Mean global temperatures have been increasing since about 1850, mainly owing to the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The main causes are the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) to meet increasing energy demand, and the spread of intensive agriculture to meet increasing foo ...
... Mean global temperatures have been increasing since about 1850, mainly owing to the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The main causes are the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) to meet increasing energy demand, and the spread of intensive agriculture to meet increasing foo ...
Consequences of Considering Carbon–Nitrogen
... However, most of the terrestrial biosphere models currently used in climate change assessments, including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment, do not consider nitrogen limitations on net carbon storage. Thus, they probably exaggerate the terrestrial biosphere’s pot ...
... However, most of the terrestrial biosphere models currently used in climate change assessments, including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment, do not consider nitrogen limitations on net carbon storage. Thus, they probably exaggerate the terrestrial biosphere’s pot ...
Climate Trends, Hazards and Extremes – Taranaki Synthesis Report
... Figure 25. Accumulated July-June PED (mm) calculated from 0.05° gridded data set: average over 31-year period 1972/73 to 2002/03 (left), and PED levels in extreme drought year of 1997/98 El Niño (right) .............................................. 47 Figure 26. IPCC projections of global temperatu ...
... Figure 25. Accumulated July-June PED (mm) calculated from 0.05° gridded data set: average over 31-year period 1972/73 to 2002/03 (left), and PED levels in extreme drought year of 1997/98 El Niño (right) .............................................. 47 Figure 26. IPCC projections of global temperatu ...
FINAL EVALUATION REPORT EVALUATION OF DEVELOPMENT ACCOUNT PROJECT 08/09 AO(6B) March
... under the general guidance of Alejandro Torres Lépori, Chief of the Programme Planning and Evaluation Unit within the Programme Planning and Operations Division of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), and Nurit Bodemann-Ostow, Programme Officer of the same unit, who p ...
... under the general guidance of Alejandro Torres Lépori, Chief of the Programme Planning and Evaluation Unit within the Programme Planning and Operations Division of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), and Nurit Bodemann-Ostow, Programme Officer of the same unit, who p ...
Holocene climate and environmental change in north
... chironomids and selected geochemical parameters were analysed and the sediment record was dated with radiocarbon. The study shows Holocene changes in the terrestrial vegetation as well as responses of the lake ecosystem to catchment maturity and multiple stressors, such as climate change and volcani ...
... chironomids and selected geochemical parameters were analysed and the sediment record was dated with radiocarbon. The study shows Holocene changes in the terrestrial vegetation as well as responses of the lake ecosystem to catchment maturity and multiple stressors, such as climate change and volcani ...
Green tourism seminar
... know it, is commonly owned by everyone and utilised by all – noone has to pay to live on earth! • As a consequence, the environment suffers the effects of negative externalities, specifically the pollution that occurs during all our production and consumption activities. • The externality is the dif ...
... know it, is commonly owned by everyone and utilised by all – noone has to pay to live on earth! • As a consequence, the environment suffers the effects of negative externalities, specifically the pollution that occurs during all our production and consumption activities. • The externality is the dif ...
Abrupt climate change as an important agent of ecological change... Northeast U.S. throughout the past 15,000 years
... the magnitude and extent of Euro-American land-clearance (Shuman et al., 2005a), and may have taken place within 60–150 years (Maenza-Gmelch, 1997a; Williams et al., 2002). Other work has highlighted possible vegetation responses to century-scale cool episodes at 8.2 and 13.1 ka (Shuman et al., 2002 ...
... the magnitude and extent of Euro-American land-clearance (Shuman et al., 2005a), and may have taken place within 60–150 years (Maenza-Gmelch, 1997a; Williams et al., 2002). Other work has highlighted possible vegetation responses to century-scale cool episodes at 8.2 and 13.1 ka (Shuman et al., 2002 ...
Printer-friendly Version
... term annual mean flow is approximately 614 m3 /s. The catchment area is around 20 515 km2 up to Balclutha and mean annual precipitation is around 1448 mm (National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), New Zealand, web model: http://wrenz.niwa.co.nz/webmodel). The Clutha starts from th ...
... term annual mean flow is approximately 614 m3 /s. The catchment area is around 20 515 km2 up to Balclutha and mean annual precipitation is around 1448 mm (National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), New Zealand, web model: http://wrenz.niwa.co.nz/webmodel). The Clutha starts from th ...
CLIMATE CHANGE: IMPACTS, VULNERABILITIES AND
... in adapting to the effects of climate change. This book outlines the impact of climate change in four developing country regions: Africa, Asia, Latin America and small island developing States; the vulnerability of these regions to future climate change; current adaptation plans, strategies and acti ...
... in adapting to the effects of climate change. This book outlines the impact of climate change in four developing country regions: Africa, Asia, Latin America and small island developing States; the vulnerability of these regions to future climate change; current adaptation plans, strategies and acti ...
The Northeast Asia mountain glaciers in the near
... their mass exchange, shows that they have undergone appreciable changes – as revealed through retreat of their termini, surface lowering, formation of new morainic deposits, etc. By our estimates involving Landsat imagery of 2003, the Suntar-Khayata glaciers reduced their area since 1945 by 20% comp ...
... their mass exchange, shows that they have undergone appreciable changes – as revealed through retreat of their termini, surface lowering, formation of new morainic deposits, etc. By our estimates involving Landsat imagery of 2003, the Suntar-Khayata glaciers reduced their area since 1945 by 20% comp ...
On the uncertainty of phenological responses to climate change
... has responded to recent climate change, large uncertainties remain as to how phenology will respond to projected future climate change. There are several conflicting reports in the literature about the relative roles of different environmental factors such as chilling (i.e. the exposure to cool temp ...
... has responded to recent climate change, large uncertainties remain as to how phenology will respond to projected future climate change. There are several conflicting reports in the literature about the relative roles of different environmental factors such as chilling (i.e. the exposure to cool temp ...
Climate change, growing season water deficit and vegetation activity
... vegetation functioning and climate change. However, the majority of available literature only focused on the relationships between VI and precipitation (Méndez-Barroso et al., 2009) or temperature (Prasad et al., 2006, 2007). The widespread aridity index (AI) (Budyko, 1974; Arora, 2002; Suzuki et a ...
... vegetation functioning and climate change. However, the majority of available literature only focused on the relationships between VI and precipitation (Méndez-Barroso et al., 2009) or temperature (Prasad et al., 2006, 2007). The widespread aridity index (AI) (Budyko, 1974; Arora, 2002; Suzuki et a ...
Draft Findings of the Ad Hoc Technical expert group
... Such increases in extinction risk are also likely to impact and be impacted by ecosystem processes. The climate change driven extreme sea temperatures anomalies that caused global-wide impacts on coral reefs (the mass coral bleaching events of 1998 and 2002) are a clear example of the effects of cli ...
... Such increases in extinction risk are also likely to impact and be impacted by ecosystem processes. The climate change driven extreme sea temperatures anomalies that caused global-wide impacts on coral reefs (the mass coral bleaching events of 1998 and 2002) are a clear example of the effects of cli ...
Future Changes in Northern Hemisphere Snowfall
... 2006) may lead to increased snowfall. For some locations and seasons, these two tendencies will oppose one another leading to an uncertain outcome. Compared with other climate variables, such as surface air temperature and total precipitation, less attention has been given to analyzing climate model ...
... 2006) may lead to increased snowfall. For some locations and seasons, these two tendencies will oppose one another leading to an uncertain outcome. Compared with other climate variables, such as surface air temperature and total precipitation, less attention has been given to analyzing climate model ...
Sensitivity of US air quality to mid-latitude cyclone
... decrease of 12.4 cyclones per decade in the Northern Hemisphere and 8.9 cyclones per decade over the Atlantic Ocean during winter 1958–1999. McCabe et al. (2001) found a significant decrease in cyclones at mid-latitudes (30◦ –60◦ N) Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 7075–7086, 2008 ...
... decrease of 12.4 cyclones per decade in the Northern Hemisphere and 8.9 cyclones per decade over the Atlantic Ocean during winter 1958–1999. McCabe et al. (2001) found a significant decrease in cyclones at mid-latitudes (30◦ –60◦ N) Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 7075–7086, 2008 ...
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Plan
... Figure 22: Classification of key berry species by the type of soil in which they grow .................................................................. 46 Figure 23: Iron Ore Mine Pit on Mesabi Range ................................................................................................. ...
... Figure 22: Classification of key berry species by the type of soil in which they grow .................................................................. 46 Figure 23: Iron Ore Mine Pit on Mesabi Range ................................................................................................. ...
Reconciling International Investment Law and Climate Change
... Phillip Morris responded by initiating arbitration in both countries, seeking an injunction and lost profits potentially in the billions of dollars.19 The threat of investment arbitration is widely believed to have played an important part in deterring the Canadian government from adopting tobacco p ...
... Phillip Morris responded by initiating arbitration in both countries, seeking an injunction and lost profits potentially in the billions of dollars.19 The threat of investment arbitration is widely believed to have played an important part in deterring the Canadian government from adopting tobacco p ...
The Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture, Land Resources,
... Many studies of climate change have focused on the next 100 years. Model projections out to 2100 have become the de facto standard, as in the assessment reports produced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). This report has benefited greatly from such literature, but our main focu ...
... Many studies of climate change have focused on the next 100 years. Model projections out to 2100 have become the de facto standard, as in the assessment reports produced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). This report has benefited greatly from such literature, but our main focu ...
Attribution of recent climate change
Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent changes observed in the Earth's climate, commonly known as 'global warming'. The effort has focused on changes observed during the period of instrumental temperature record, when records are most reliable; particularly in the last 50 years, when human activity has grown fastest and observations of the troposphere have become available. The dominant mechanisms (to which recent climate change has been attributed) are anthropogenic, i.e., the result of human activity. They are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases global changes to land surface, such as deforestation increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols.There are also natural mechanisms for variation including climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is ""extremely likely"" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010. The IPCC defines ""extremely likely"" as indicating a probability of 95 to 100%, based on an expert assessment of all the available evidence.Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities: A basic physical understanding of the climate system: greenhouse gas concentrations have increased and their warming properties are well-established. Historical estimates of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in global surface temperature are unusual. Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included. Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming.The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by most scientists, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: scientific opinion on climate change).