CO2 and CH4 exchanges between land
... [12] For different future fire disturbance scenarios, under the assumption of existing persistent CO2 fertilization effects on vegetation carbon uptake, the region acts as a source of 4.6 to 33.4 Pg C over the 21st century under low and intermediate levels of anthropogenic C emissions and as a sink ...
... [12] For different future fire disturbance scenarios, under the assumption of existing persistent CO2 fertilization effects on vegetation carbon uptake, the region acts as a source of 4.6 to 33.4 Pg C over the 21st century under low and intermediate levels of anthropogenic C emissions and as a sink ...
How limiting factors drive agricultural adaptation to
... Warmer temperatures More frequent heat waves Indicate your level of agreement with the following statements The global climate is changing Average global temperatures are increasing Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion are an important cause of climate change Climate change poses risks to ...
... Warmer temperatures More frequent heat waves Indicate your level of agreement with the following statements The global climate is changing Average global temperatures are increasing Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion are an important cause of climate change Climate change poses risks to ...
Rising Temperatures and Rising Seas
... from burning fossil fuels and 1.5 billion tons from deforestation. The current annual rise is nearly four times what it was in the 1950s, largely because of increased emissions from burning fossil fuels. As more CO2 accumulates in the atmosphere, temperatures go up.8 Against this backdrop of record ...
... from burning fossil fuels and 1.5 billion tons from deforestation. The current annual rise is nearly four times what it was in the 1950s, largely because of increased emissions from burning fossil fuels. As more CO2 accumulates in the atmosphere, temperatures go up.8 Against this backdrop of record ...
Parmesan
... agriculture: Planting and harvest dates (and associated climatic events such as day of last frost) have been well recorded, dating back hundreds of years for some crops. But the plethora of records also stems from the strong sociological significance of the change of the seasons, particularly in high ...
... agriculture: Planting and harvest dates (and associated climatic events such as day of last frost) have been well recorded, dating back hundreds of years for some crops. But the plethora of records also stems from the strong sociological significance of the change of the seasons, particularly in high ...
Frequency of wet and dry soil conditions in Tasmanian beef and
... Climate is an important driver of pasture production and the intra-annual variability in climate results in different patterns of pasture production which needs to be managed to meet feed demands on extensive livestock farm systems (beef and sheep farms). In recent decades, south eastern Australia h ...
... Climate is an important driver of pasture production and the intra-annual variability in climate results in different patterns of pasture production which needs to be managed to meet feed demands on extensive livestock farm systems (beef and sheep farms). In recent decades, south eastern Australia h ...
A severe centennial-scale drought in mid
... record at South Rhody, and one of these dates was obtained from Pinus (pine) needles that were deposited immediately after the drought interval (Booth et al., 2004). Dry conditions at South Rhody persisted for at least two centuries, and the drought occurred between relatively wet periods, indicatin ...
... record at South Rhody, and one of these dates was obtained from Pinus (pine) needles that were deposited immediately after the drought interval (Booth et al., 2004). Dry conditions at South Rhody persisted for at least two centuries, and the drought occurred between relatively wet periods, indicatin ...
Global warming and thermohaline circulation stability
... a widespread reduction in both surface evaporation and precipitation there. The net surface effect of changes in precipitation and evaporation is shown in figure 2. The tropical temperature changes result in a southward shift of the Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and a weakening of the ...
... a widespread reduction in both surface evaporation and precipitation there. The net surface effect of changes in precipitation and evaporation is shown in figure 2. The tropical temperature changes result in a southward shift of the Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and a weakening of the ...
The importance of ENSO phase during volcanic eruptions
... Agung, as was the case during 1951–2014, is a very rare occurrence (see section S1 in the supporting information). Also, sampling El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability itself in coupled climate models requires large ensembles or long control simulations [Wittenberg, 2009; Deser et al., 201 ...
... Agung, as was the case during 1951–2014, is a very rare occurrence (see section S1 in the supporting information). Also, sampling El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability itself in coupled climate models requires large ensembles or long control simulations [Wittenberg, 2009; Deser et al., 201 ...
- Wiley Online Library
... et al., 2013). Depending on the emission scenario, projections of oceanic warming under the moderate greenhouse gas growth scenario predict an increase in global average sea surface temperature ranging from about 1 °C (RCP2.6) to more than 3 °C (RCP8.5) for the period 2081–2100, relative to the peri ...
... et al., 2013). Depending on the emission scenario, projections of oceanic warming under the moderate greenhouse gas growth scenario predict an increase in global average sea surface temperature ranging from about 1 °C (RCP2.6) to more than 3 °C (RCP8.5) for the period 2081–2100, relative to the peri ...
Confidence, uncertainty and decision-support relevance in climate predictions
... The reality of anthropogenic climate change is well documented and widely accepted. The media and policy makers are calling out for predictions regarding expected changes to their local climate. Providing direct quantitative answers to these calls is perceived as important for engaging the public in ...
... The reality of anthropogenic climate change is well documented and widely accepted. The media and policy makers are calling out for predictions regarding expected changes to their local climate. Providing direct quantitative answers to these calls is perceived as important for engaging the public in ...
Chapter 2 of Stern Review: approach to discounting
... Sections 2.5 and 2.6 consider how economic analysis can get to grips with a problem that is uncertain and involves a serious risk of large losses of wellbeing, due to deaths, extinctions of species and heavy economic costs, rather than the marginal changes more commonly considered in economics. For ...
... Sections 2.5 and 2.6 consider how economic analysis can get to grips with a problem that is uncertain and involves a serious risk of large losses of wellbeing, due to deaths, extinctions of species and heavy economic costs, rather than the marginal changes more commonly considered in economics. For ...
The Cost of Climate Change: What We`ll Pay if
... forecasts considered “likely” by the scientific community.1 In this projected climate future, which is still far from the worst case scenario, global warming causes drastic changes to the planet’s climate, with average temperature increases of 13 degrees Fahrenheit in most of the United States and 1 ...
... forecasts considered “likely” by the scientific community.1 In this projected climate future, which is still far from the worst case scenario, global warming causes drastic changes to the planet’s climate, with average temperature increases of 13 degrees Fahrenheit in most of the United States and 1 ...
Changes in alpine plant growth under future climate conditions
... snow depletion, and thus increasing peak snow depth will not necessarily translate into later melt out. On the contrary, several snow climatological studies predict significantly earlier melt out (Beniston et al., 2003; Jasper et al., 2004; Keller et al., 2000; Laternser and Schneebeli, 2003; Scherr ...
... snow depletion, and thus increasing peak snow depth will not necessarily translate into later melt out. On the contrary, several snow climatological studies predict significantly earlier melt out (Beniston et al., 2003; Jasper et al., 2004; Keller et al., 2000; Laternser and Schneebeli, 2003; Scherr ...
P R I N C E T O N ... P R I N C E T O N ... Wagner_ClimateShock_FINAL.indd 3 12/30/14 8:32 AM
... a climate sensitivity of 1.5°C (2.7°F), which is at the lower edge of the likely range. All that makes our inability to exclude climate sensitivities above 4.5°C (8°F) all the more significant. Any probability of climate sensitivity that high should make for (heat- induced) shudders. The most impor ...
... a climate sensitivity of 1.5°C (2.7°F), which is at the lower edge of the likely range. All that makes our inability to exclude climate sensitivities above 4.5°C (8°F) all the more significant. Any probability of climate sensitivity that high should make for (heat- induced) shudders. The most impor ...
Ontario Climate Change and Health Modelling Study
... storms, tornadoes and windstorms. These events used to happen infrequently. Now, these events have become more common – a clear sign of a shift in our weather patterns. This shift is called ‘climate change.’ It threatens our health and safety, our environment and our economy. The Intergovernmental P ...
... storms, tornadoes and windstorms. These events used to happen infrequently. Now, these events have become more common – a clear sign of a shift in our weather patterns. This shift is called ‘climate change.’ It threatens our health and safety, our environment and our economy. The Intergovernmental P ...
Possible strategies to address socio-economic adaptation policies
... development. Countries that are heavily reliant on the agriculture sector for their socio-economic development have become vulnerable to the effects of climate change in recent decades as a consequence of GHG emissions. In response to this phenomenon, development strategies are changing as governmen ...
... development. Countries that are heavily reliant on the agriculture sector for their socio-economic development have become vulnerable to the effects of climate change in recent decades as a consequence of GHG emissions. In response to this phenomenon, development strategies are changing as governmen ...
Brandishing the First Amendment: Commercial Expression in America
... revenue and price signals. Since greenhouse gas emissions are the leading anthropogenic cause of climate change, reducing emissions is at the heart of any solution to climate change.22 A carbon tax would reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the United States, by making carbon-rich energy sources more ...
... revenue and price signals. Since greenhouse gas emissions are the leading anthropogenic cause of climate change, reducing emissions is at the heart of any solution to climate change.22 A carbon tax would reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the United States, by making carbon-rich energy sources more ...
Positive feedback between global warming and atmospheric CO2
... suggests that the effect may be small on a time-scale of years (about 3 ppmv CO2 /0C), and moderate at millennium time-scales (about 13 ppmv CO2 /0C), but large at a scale of centuries (about 20 ppmv CO2 /0C). Here we are interested in a prognosis of the expected global warming by the end of the cur ...
... suggests that the effect may be small on a time-scale of years (about 3 ppmv CO2 /0C), and moderate at millennium time-scales (about 13 ppmv CO2 /0C), but large at a scale of centuries (about 20 ppmv CO2 /0C). Here we are interested in a prognosis of the expected global warming by the end of the cur ...
Pilgramgasse 5/5 Wien 1050 AUSTRIA Phone: +43 676 83807306
... IIASA is a scientific institute conducting policy-oriented research into complex, global problems. I am currently a Research Scholar in the Risk and Resilience Program. My research revolves around the socioeconomics of flood and how this relates to systems notions such as resilience. I have authored ...
... IIASA is a scientific institute conducting policy-oriented research into complex, global problems. I am currently a Research Scholar in the Risk and Resilience Program. My research revolves around the socioeconomics of flood and how this relates to systems notions such as resilience. I have authored ...
Adaptations of forest ecosystems to air pollution
... California and China. In the IUFRO paper by Bohler et al. (2010), sapling clones of Populus tremula × P. alba were grown in charcoal-filtered air versus those exposed to 120 ppb ozone. Leaves were harvested weekly for biochemical and proteome analyses, allowing for a comparison between expanding a ...
... California and China. In the IUFRO paper by Bohler et al. (2010), sapling clones of Populus tremula × P. alba were grown in charcoal-filtered air versus those exposed to 120 ppb ozone. Leaves were harvested weekly for biochemical and proteome analyses, allowing for a comparison between expanding a ...
Guide to new specification
... One of the assessment units at AS and one of the assessment units at A2 must be internally assessed. Each of the internally assessed units at AS and A2 must include the assessment of practical skills 20 – 30% of AS and A2. There is a requirement for synoptic assessment at A2 AS and A2 level specific ...
... One of the assessment units at AS and one of the assessment units at A2 must be internally assessed. Each of the internally assessed units at AS and A2 must include the assessment of practical skills 20 – 30% of AS and A2. There is a requirement for synoptic assessment at A2 AS and A2 level specific ...
The spatial extent and characteristics of block fields in Alpine areas
... palaeo-precipitation (cf. Kerschner et al., 2000). They are thus invaluable for the understanding of past climate variability and, in terms of providing palaeo-tie points, as constraints on numerical models that seek to predict future climate change (e.g. Benn and Lukas, 2006). In addition, the dist ...
... palaeo-precipitation (cf. Kerschner et al., 2000). They are thus invaluable for the understanding of past climate variability and, in terms of providing palaeo-tie points, as constraints on numerical models that seek to predict future climate change (e.g. Benn and Lukas, 2006). In addition, the dist ...
Attribution of recent climate change
Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent changes observed in the Earth's climate, commonly known as 'global warming'. The effort has focused on changes observed during the period of instrumental temperature record, when records are most reliable; particularly in the last 50 years, when human activity has grown fastest and observations of the troposphere have become available. The dominant mechanisms (to which recent climate change has been attributed) are anthropogenic, i.e., the result of human activity. They are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases global changes to land surface, such as deforestation increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols.There are also natural mechanisms for variation including climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is ""extremely likely"" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010. The IPCC defines ""extremely likely"" as indicating a probability of 95 to 100%, based on an expert assessment of all the available evidence.Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities: A basic physical understanding of the climate system: greenhouse gas concentrations have increased and their warming properties are well-established. Historical estimates of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in global surface temperature are unusual. Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included. Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming.The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by most scientists, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: scientific opinion on climate change).