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... strongest feasible global mitigation—for example, a global mitigation effort directed at holding concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere to 450 ppm rather than 550 ppm. For 450 ppm, the costs of mitigation are higher than for 550 ppm, but these higher costs are amply justified by larger b ...
... strongest feasible global mitigation—for example, a global mitigation effort directed at holding concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere to 450 ppm rather than 550 ppm. For 450 ppm, the costs of mitigation are higher than for 550 ppm, but these higher costs are amply justified by larger b ...
Chapter 7 CLIMATE CHANGE, SOCIAL POLICY AND GLOBAL
... in the US switched to fuel-efficient cars the savings would alone offset the emissions generated in providing electricity to 1.6 billion people in the South (World Bank 2010: p.3). But the situation is changing rapidly. China now accounts for 29% of global CO2 emissions, almost double that of the U ...
... in the US switched to fuel-efficient cars the savings would alone offset the emissions generated in providing electricity to 1.6 billion people in the South (World Bank 2010: p.3). But the situation is changing rapidly. China now accounts for 29% of global CO2 emissions, almost double that of the U ...
Climate Change and Small Island Developing States
... “any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity” (IPCC, 2007: 871). In contrast, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UN, 1992: Article 1, Paragraph 2), defines climate change to be “a change of climate which is attributed d ...
... “any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity” (IPCC, 2007: 871). In contrast, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UN, 1992: Article 1, Paragraph 2), defines climate change to be “a change of climate which is attributed d ...
on the front line of climate change and displacement
... and mitigate’ is a far worse strategy than proactively managing risks. There is no benefit in waiting to see if global warming will affect the region. Natural hazards already take an annual toll that destroys valuable property, threatens and takes lives and disrupts national economies. Any additiona ...
... and mitigate’ is a far worse strategy than proactively managing risks. There is no benefit in waiting to see if global warming will affect the region. Natural hazards already take an annual toll that destroys valuable property, threatens and takes lives and disrupts national economies. Any additiona ...
Fisheries, aquaculture and climate change
... deep as 3000 m. Increasing water temperature and associated thermal expansion accounts for 57% of the global average sea level rise of 1.8 mm per year between 1961 and 2003; a further 28% of the rise is attributed to the melting of glaciers and polar ice sheets (IPCC, 2007a). Oceans also absorb appr ...
... deep as 3000 m. Increasing water temperature and associated thermal expansion accounts for 57% of the global average sea level rise of 1.8 mm per year between 1961 and 2003; a further 28% of the rise is attributed to the melting of glaciers and polar ice sheets (IPCC, 2007a). Oceans also absorb appr ...
Reducing Human Vulnerability
... many ecosystems will come under increasing stress, patterns of pests and disease will continue to change, and agriculture will require significant changes in practice or displacement in location. On the higher temperature trajectory most of the negative trends will be even worse, and the few positiv ...
... many ecosystems will come under increasing stress, patterns of pests and disease will continue to change, and agriculture will require significant changes in practice or displacement in location. On the higher temperature trajectory most of the negative trends will be even worse, and the few positiv ...
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... be those that are already: (1) near their physiological limits in terms of temperature, salinity and pH; (2) severely compromised in terms of their resilience due to existing anthropogenic factors, such as overfishing; and (3) are in locations most likely to suffer climate change impacts. Some of th ...
... be those that are already: (1) near their physiological limits in terms of temperature, salinity and pH; (2) severely compromised in terms of their resilience due to existing anthropogenic factors, such as overfishing; and (3) are in locations most likely to suffer climate change impacts. Some of th ...
Carbon and nitrogen cycles in agroecosystems in response to
... – Extra N is released to the atmosphere and deposited to the earth: N deposition. – Extra N as the form of N2O is emitted to the atmosphere as a potent greenhouse gas. – Extra N is transferred to the water: eutrophication ...
... – Extra N is released to the atmosphere and deposited to the earth: N deposition. – Extra N as the form of N2O is emitted to the atmosphere as a potent greenhouse gas. – Extra N is transferred to the water: eutrophication ...
Transient responses to increasing CO2 and climate change in an
... 1995) and thus play an important role in the terrestrial carbon (C) cycle. Assessing possible responses of grasslands to climate change is therefore an important step towards identifying adaptation needs to secure grassland services. Free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) experiments (e.g. Schnei ...
... 1995) and thus play an important role in the terrestrial carbon (C) cycle. Assessing possible responses of grasslands to climate change is therefore an important step towards identifying adaptation needs to secure grassland services. Free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) experiments (e.g. Schnei ...
FORTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE IPCC Bangkok, Thailand, 17
... that were grouped in broad themes, within which multiple scientific questions were posed. The purpose of the themes and the questions was to stir up discussion at the scoping meeting and to stimulate an exchange regarding the scientific advances since the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5). The backgroun ...
... that were grouped in broad themes, within which multiple scientific questions were posed. The purpose of the themes and the questions was to stir up discussion at the scoping meeting and to stimulate an exchange regarding the scientific advances since the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5). The backgroun ...
Impact of Climate Change Heating and Cooling Energy Use in
... Global warming has drawn great attention in recent years because of its large impact on many aspects of the environment and human activities in buildings. One area directly affected by climate change is the energy consumption for heating and cooling. To quantify the impact, this study used the HadCM ...
... Global warming has drawn great attention in recent years because of its large impact on many aspects of the environment and human activities in buildings. One area directly affected by climate change is the energy consumption for heating and cooling. To quantify the impact, this study used the HadCM ...
Biomes_Notes_from_Online-Long_Version
... that change the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere and land surface. The debate about global warming and climate change centers on these factors. Some people think that climate change is caused by natural processes and is cyclical. Others think that human activities (for example, burning fossil f ...
... that change the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere and land surface. The debate about global warming and climate change centers on these factors. Some people think that climate change is caused by natural processes and is cyclical. Others think that human activities (for example, burning fossil f ...
A social contract for low carbon and sustainable development
... with reducing the greenhouse gas emissions of states and the 2-degree upper limit for the global warming process. The crucial question during this phase was: how large should the reductions in greenhouse gas emissions be for which countries? Implicit here were naturally also the costs of avoiding gr ...
... with reducing the greenhouse gas emissions of states and the 2-degree upper limit for the global warming process. The crucial question during this phase was: how large should the reductions in greenhouse gas emissions be for which countries? Implicit here were naturally also the costs of avoiding gr ...
Oceans Day Bulletin
... highlighted the direct link between climate change, ocean health and human wellbeing. Discussions at the event focused on the role of oceans in climate change and the fact that close to 50% of the world’s population living in coastal areas will suffer disproportionately from ocean warming, sea level ...
... highlighted the direct link between climate change, ocean health and human wellbeing. Discussions at the event focused on the role of oceans in climate change and the fact that close to 50% of the world’s population living in coastal areas will suffer disproportionately from ocean warming, sea level ...
CHAPTER 3: Climate for Change? Civil Society and the Politics of Global Warming
... objectives and should be capable of being adjusted – one way or the other – as the understanding of human influence improves’ (George C Marshall Institute URL). Richard Lindzen, of MIT, argues that global warming may dry out the troposphere, reducing water vapour and thereby dampening the greenhouse ...
... objectives and should be capable of being adjusted – one way or the other – as the understanding of human influence improves’ (George C Marshall Institute URL). Richard Lindzen, of MIT, argues that global warming may dry out the troposphere, reducing water vapour and thereby dampening the greenhouse ...
Effects of climate change on inland waters of the Pacific coastal
... When subtropical air masses move into the Sierra Nevada in summer and early autumn, sucient moisture is available to generate extreme rainfall. These storms may generate the greatest ¯oods in some alpine basins that are high enough to avoid midwinter rain on snow events. Stream ¯ow in Sierra Nevada ...
... When subtropical air masses move into the Sierra Nevada in summer and early autumn, sucient moisture is available to generate extreme rainfall. These storms may generate the greatest ¯oods in some alpine basins that are high enough to avoid midwinter rain on snow events. Stream ¯ow in Sierra Nevada ...
Transport - British Social Attitudes
... Director, Andrew Scott is a Researcher, both at NatCen Social Research ...
... Director, Andrew Scott is a Researcher, both at NatCen Social Research ...
Articulating Climate Justice in Copenhagen: Antagonism, the
... consensual, post-political issue (Swyngedouw 2007, 2010). He usefully asserts some of the ways in which climate change has become a post-political issue. We agree that a “carbon consensus” has emerged shaped by organisations such as the 10:10 campaign, “a movement of people, schools, businesses and ...
... consensual, post-political issue (Swyngedouw 2007, 2010). He usefully asserts some of the ways in which climate change has become a post-political issue. We agree that a “carbon consensus” has emerged shaped by organisations such as the 10:10 campaign, “a movement of people, schools, businesses and ...
Against the Grain: The United States and the Global Climate
... industries and the agricultural sector—tend to have particularly great lobbying power.7 Deep-rooted cultural traits derived from the origins of the US as a pioneer state upholding individual freedom, along with the state’s geographical isolation, sheer size and natural wealth, are other structural f ...
... industries and the agricultural sector—tend to have particularly great lobbying power.7 Deep-rooted cultural traits derived from the origins of the US as a pioneer state upholding individual freedom, along with the state’s geographical isolation, sheer size and natural wealth, are other structural f ...
2015 Issue - Northwest Climate Science Center
... HE conservation challenges of the 21st Century are more complex than ever before. In addition to those previously confronted at the local level, widespread stressors, such as drought, climate change, and large-scale habitat fragmentation, are complicating efforts to plan and conduct conservation. Th ...
... HE conservation challenges of the 21st Century are more complex than ever before. In addition to those previously confronted at the local level, widespread stressors, such as drought, climate change, and large-scale habitat fragmentation, are complicating efforts to plan and conduct conservation. Th ...
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... also highly likely to increase in all areas due to higher temperatures. These increases will be larger in regions and seasons in which rainfall decreases. Increases in open water evaporation will affect wetlands and water storages. The combination of generally declining rainfall and increased evapor ...
... also highly likely to increase in all areas due to higher temperatures. These increases will be larger in regions and seasons in which rainfall decreases. Increases in open water evaporation will affect wetlands and water storages. The combination of generally declining rainfall and increased evapor ...
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... potentially further worsens farmer welfare. Adoption of improved agricultural inputs, which can help mitigate these effects is crucial (e.g. Asfaw et al., 2012; Kassie et al., 2011; Minten and Barrett, 2008). In southern African countries such as Zambia and Malawi, input subsidy programs have been o ...
... potentially further worsens farmer welfare. Adoption of improved agricultural inputs, which can help mitigate these effects is crucial (e.g. Asfaw et al., 2012; Kassie et al., 2011; Minten and Barrett, 2008). In southern African countries such as Zambia and Malawi, input subsidy programs have been o ...
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... warming has received much attention because political decisions are needed in order to solve socioeconomic problems arising from climate change (Hibbard et al. 2007; Cox and Stephenson 2007). In the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), the global warming t ...
... warming has received much attention because political decisions are needed in order to solve socioeconomic problems arising from climate change (Hibbard et al. 2007; Cox and Stephenson 2007). In the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), the global warming t ...
Vulnerability and Resilience in the Face of Climate Change: Current
... interactive temperature, precipitation, and windiness. Over time, the various chemical and physical processes of the atmosphere, and the influences of the ocean, land, ice, albedo, etc. have been incorporated or represented in greater and greater detail. Impacts researchers similarly developed quant ...
... interactive temperature, precipitation, and windiness. Over time, the various chemical and physical processes of the atmosphere, and the influences of the ocean, land, ice, albedo, etc. have been incorporated or represented in greater and greater detail. Impacts researchers similarly developed quant ...
Sub-Theme 2
... agriculture is especially vulnerable to changing weather patterns and the impacts of variable water availability. Some regions will experience excess water resulting in flooding and others will experience severe water scarcity. Annual average river runoff and water availability are projected to incr ...
... agriculture is especially vulnerable to changing weather patterns and the impacts of variable water availability. Some regions will experience excess water resulting in flooding and others will experience severe water scarcity. Annual average river runoff and water availability are projected to incr ...
Attribution of recent climate change
Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent changes observed in the Earth's climate, commonly known as 'global warming'. The effort has focused on changes observed during the period of instrumental temperature record, when records are most reliable; particularly in the last 50 years, when human activity has grown fastest and observations of the troposphere have become available. The dominant mechanisms (to which recent climate change has been attributed) are anthropogenic, i.e., the result of human activity. They are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases global changes to land surface, such as deforestation increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols.There are also natural mechanisms for variation including climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is ""extremely likely"" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010. The IPCC defines ""extremely likely"" as indicating a probability of 95 to 100%, based on an expert assessment of all the available evidence.Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities: A basic physical understanding of the climate system: greenhouse gas concentrations have increased and their warming properties are well-established. Historical estimates of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in global surface temperature are unusual. Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included. Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming.The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by most scientists, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: scientific opinion on climate change).